Proto-Qanday language

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Proto-Qanday
Region Seforma, Archipelago
Language family
  • Proto-Qanday
ProtoQanday.png
  Proto-Qanday

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Bilabial Pharyng. bilabial Alveolar Pharyng. alveolar Postalveolar Paryng. postalveolar Palatal Velar Labial. velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ~ɴ
Prenasalized plosive ᵐbˤ ⁿdˤ ᶰɢ
Plosive p pˤ bˤ t tˤ dˤ k q ɢ ʔ
Affricate t͡s t͡sˤ d͡zˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ
Fricative s ʃ ʃˤ x~χ
Lateral fricative ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ
Trill r
Approximant j ɰ w

ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/

p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/

bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/

t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/

d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/

s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/

m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/

ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/

r rˤ /r r̕/

j ɰ w /j ḥ w/

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i ĩ iː ĩː ɨ ɨ̃ ɨː ɨ̃ː u ũ uː ũː
Mid ɤ̞ o̞ ɤː oː
Open aː ãː ɒ ɒ̃

i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/

e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/

ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/


iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/

eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/

äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/

Phonotactics[edit | edit source]

(C)CV(ː)(C)(C)

Accent[edit | edit source]

Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable.

Nouns[edit | edit source]

  • Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient).
  • Secundative ditransitive alignment.
  • Definiteness by pronoun.
  • Possessor by pronoun.

[Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner]

Gender[edit | edit source]

Animate Human Masculine -t / -ət ndart man
Feminine -jee ndarjee woman
Non-Human -n / -ən wahiin wolf
Inaminate Transportable -ś / -əś krãqś stone
Untransportable -uu / -ːw ngoomuu mountain

Declension[edit | edit source]

Absolutive - ndart man
Ergative -ke ndartke
Accusative -ta ndartta
Instrumental -rĩĩ ndartrĩĩ by man
Genetive -ãh ndartãh of man
Abessive -nũ ndartnũ without man

Number[edit | edit source]

Singular - tpanən bird
Dual -suu tpanənsuu two birds
Plural -laa tpanənlaa birds

Nominal pre-determination of moods[edit | edit source]

Realis - gambiiw tree
Irrealis -i / -j gambiiwi tree (in non-indicative clause)

Verbs[edit | edit source]

  • Causative with using an auxiliary verb.

[Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality]

Tense-aspects[edit | edit source]

Past completive -uq 'eċuq to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved)
Past incompletive -oor 'eċoor to go (action was incompleted)
Past habitual -ooḥ 'eċooḥ to go (action was habitually repeated)
Future in past -ããt 'eċããt to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken)
Present continuous - ' to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say)
Present habitual -iis̕ 'eċiis̕ to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say)
Future convinced -eeh 'eċeeh to go (action is inevitable in future)
Future dubious -eem 'eċeem to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished)

Voice[edit | edit source]

Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system[edit | edit source]
Passive -l / -əl ŋaajl to be seen
Antipassive -ar̕ / -'ar̕ ŋaajar̕ to see
Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system[edit | edit source]
Active - ŋaaj to see
Passive -l / -əl ŋaajl to be seen
Medial -ũts / -'ũts ŋaajũts to see self

Moods[edit | edit source]

Indicative - kloor̕ to speak
Conditional -p̕ĩĩ kloor̕p̕ĩĩ would speak
Subjunctive -taa kloor̕taa may speak
Directive -id / -'id kloorid speak

Person[edit | edit source]

Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular Dual Plural
1. ḥaa- ḥaaŋaaj I am seeing hat̕- 'hat̕ŋaaj we both are seeing 'ãŋ 'ãŋŋaaj we all are seeing, but not you
'eh 'ehŋaaj we all are seeing, together with you
2. 'oos- 'oosŋaaj Thou art seeing 'oos̕- 'oos̕ŋaaj You both are seeing 'oor- 'oorŋaaj You all are seeing, but not them
'ooċ- 'ooċŋaaj You all are seeing, together with them
3. 'ĩp- 'ĩpŋaaj He / she / it is seeing 'ĩp̕- 'ĩp̕ŋaaj Both of them are seeing 'ĩĩb- 'ĩĩbŋaaj They all are seeing
4. win- winŋaaj Someone / something is seeing
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular Dual Plural
1. -aa / -'aa ŋaajaa see me -aat̕ / -'aat̕ ŋaajaat̕ see both of us -ãŋ / -'ãŋ ŋaajãŋ see us all, but not you
-eh / -'eh ŋaajeh see us all, together with you
2. -oos / -'oos ŋaajoos see thee -oos̕ / -'oos̕ ŋaajoos̕ see both of you -oor / -'oor ŋaajoor see you all, but not them
-ooċ / -'ooċ ŋaajooċ see you all, together with them
3. -ĩp / -'ĩp ŋaajĩp see him / her / it -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i ŋaajĩp̕i see both of them -ĩbe / -'ĩbe ŋaajĩbe see them all
4. -win ŋaajwin see someone / something

Evidentiality[edit | edit source]

Visual - qudz to sit (and it is visible)
Non-visual -kĩ qudzkĩ to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source)
Reported -jã qudzjã to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s))
Assumed -qoo qudzqoo to sit (and it is result of deduction)

Non-finite verbs[edit | edit source]

Action noun -ma- ŋaajmaś vision, seeing
Participles
Adjectival -rah ŋaajrah seeing
Adverbial -ro ŋaajro seeing

Adjective[edit | edit source]

Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]

Positive Comparative Superlative
- wa'- mbar-
tsan wa'tsan mbartsan
good better best

Adverb[edit | edit source]

Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]

Positive Comparative Superlative
- wa'- mbar-
tsano wa'tsano mbartsano
well better best

Numerals[edit | edit source]

Cardinal numerals[edit | edit source]

1. ngaan
2. 'oċaar
3. lurkũ
4. dwãsũ
5. tigine

Derived numerals[edit | edit source]

Ordinal Multiplicative Reproductive Distributive
ma- śkee- nari- dũsu-
1. mangaan śkeengaan naringaan dũsungaan
2. ma'oċaar śkee'oċaar nari'oċaar dũsu'oċaar
3. malurkũ śkeelurkũ narilurkũ dũsulurkũ
4. madwãsũ śkeedwãsũ naridwãsũ dũsudwãsũ
5. matigine śkeetigine naritigine dũsutigine

Numeral adverbs[edit | edit source]

baan̕o many
ċiiko little
daal half
p̕eśkee how many times ?
səptyn so often

Pronouns[edit | edit source]

  • Gender suffixes on number stems.

Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]

Subjectives[edit | edit source]
Singular Dual Plural
1. ḥaan I hat̕ we both 'ãŋ we all
'e' we both and you 'eh we all and you
2. 'oos Thou 'oos̕ You both 'oor You all
'ook You both and he / she / it 'ooċ You all and he / she / it
3. 'ĩp He / she / it 'ĩp̕ Both of them 'ĩĩb They all
4. win Someone / something
Objectives[edit | edit source]
Singular Dual Plural
1. hnaa I ht̕a we both 'ãŋaa we all
'e'aa we both and you hee we all and you
2. 'osaa Thou 'os̕aa You both 'oraa You all
'okaa You both and he / she / it 'oċaa You all and he / she / it
3. 'ĩpa He / she / it 'ĩp̕a Both of them 'ĩbaa They all
4. winaa Someone / something

Possessive pronouns[edit | edit source]

Singular Dual Plural
1. ḥaaniś my hat̕iś of both us 'ãŋiś of us all
'e'iś of both us and your 'ehiś of us all and your
2. 'oosiś thy 'oos̕iś of you both 'ooriś of you all
'ookiś of you both and him / her / its 'ooċiś of you all and him / her / its
3. 'ĩpiś Him / her / its 'ĩp̕iś of both them 'ĩĩbiś of they all
4. winiś Someone / something else's

Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]

Proper Distant Indefinite
Person / Object səə this kəə that ŋəə someone / something there
Place sətloq here kətloq there ŋətloq somewhere there
Source 'awsətloq from here 'awkətloq from there 'awŋətloq from somewhere there
Purpose direction se'sətloq to here se'kətloq to there, so far se'ŋətloq to somewhere there
Path səkwal this way kəkwal that way ŋəkwal some way
Time səboon now kəboon then
Method səraak in this way kəraak in that way ŋəraak in some way
Quantity səbaan̕ so much
Qualify sətloqsə like this here kətloqkə like that ŋətloqŋə like something there
Reason səmaag for this reason kəmaag for that reason ŋəmaag for some reason

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]

Interrogative / Relative Indefinite Unlimited
Person / Object p̕el who ? which ? p̕elŋ someone p̕elŋaan anyone
Place p̕etloq where ? p̕eltloqŋ somewhere p̕eltloqŋaan anywhere
Source 'awp̕etloq whence ? 'awp̕etloqŋ from somewhere 'awp̕etloqŋaan from anywhere
Purpose direction se'p̕etloq whither ? se'p̕etloqŋ to somewhere se'p̕etloqŋaan to anywhere
Path p̕ekwal which way ? p̕ekwalŋ via some way p̕ekwalŋaan via any way
Time p̕eboon when ? p̕ekwalŋ once p̕ekwalŋaan ever
Method p̕eraak how ? p̕eraakŋ somehow p̕eraakŋaan anyhow
Quantity p̕ebaan' how much ? p̕ebaan'ŋ somehow much p̕ebaan'ŋaan anyhow much
Quality p̕ees which one ? ngaanes some p'eesŋaan any
Reason se'maag why ?

Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]

Negative Universal Alternative
Person / Object baap̕e nobody, nothing rtãã every p̕eqtot anyone else
Place baatloq nowhere rtããtloq everywhere tloqtot (← tloq-qtot) elswhere
Source 'awbaatloq from nowhere 'awrtããtloq from everywhere 'awtloqtot from elswhere
Purpose direction se'baatloq to nowhere se'rtããtloq to everywhere se'tloqtot to elswhere
Path baakwal through no way rtããkwal through all ways kwaalqtot which way else
Time baaboon never rtããboon always booŋqtot when else
Method baaraak nohow rtããraak in all methods raaqtot (← raak-qtot) otherwise
Quantity baabaan' nothing baaŋqtot otherwise than so many
Quality baats neuter, indistinct tsəraak any tsəət other

Numeral pronouns[edit | edit source]

Interrogative / Relative p̕ebaan' how much ?
Indefinite p̕ebaan'ŋ write a number
Unlimited p̕ebaan'ŋaan however many
Negative baabaan' nothing
Alternative baaŋqtot otherwise than so many

Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns[edit | edit source]

Reflexive / Reciprocal śih oneself / each other
Cooperative śihċi (← śih + ċi) together cooperatively

Prepositions[edit | edit source]

Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals[edit | edit source]

ḥo in, inside Absolutive
'awḥo from inside Accusative
se'ḥo to inside Genetive
s̕a on Absolutive
'aws̕a from on Accusative
se's̕a onto Genetive
s̕a'o above Absolutive
'aws̕a'o from above Accusative
se's̕a'o to above Genetive
tsa'o under Absolutive
'awtsa'o from under Accusative
se'tsa'o to under Genetive
knen beside Absolutive
'awknen from beside Accusative
se'knen to beside Genetive
gaaw away Absolutive
'awgaan from away Accusative
se'gaan to away Genetive
lago between Absolutive
'awlago from between Accusative
se'lago to between Genetive
daam behind Absolutive
'awdaam from behind Accusative
se'daam to behind Genetive
de out Absolutive
'awde from out Accusative
se'de to out Genetive
ḥoċatar around Absolutive
'awċatar from around Accusative
se'ċatar to around Genetive
gook before, opposite to Absolutive
'awgook from before, from opposite to Accusative
se'gook to before, to opposite to Genetive
boon during, in time of Absolutive
'awboon from time of Accusative
se'boon to time of Genetive
ktsa after Absolutive
'awktsa from after Accusative
se'ktsa to after Genetive

Other prepositions[edit | edit source]

Companion, attributive object ḥal with Instrumental
Originative direction 'aw from Accusative
Destinative direction, purpose, goal se' to Genetive
Lack bar̕ without Genetive
Alternative ḥotloq instead Genetive
Contrary preeḥ against Genetive
Resistance ḥada despite, though Genetive
Stylization s̕adãlo along to, according to Instrumental
Benefactive tsu for, destined to Genetive
Essive ḥoskaat as, at character of Absolutive
Excessive 'awskaat from character of Accusative

Particles[edit | edit source]

Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative ċi and
Conjunctive ċikaa also
Disjunctive weel or
Contrastive, exceptional oot but
Consequentive kaa so
Comparative t̕ĩ than
Hypotactical conjunctions
nak to, for
toho althought
se'nak because
taś if
ky that, providing

Modifiers[edit | edit source]

Restrictive ngaano only
Additive ċita' yet

Polarity particles[edit | edit source]

Affirmative ja' yes
Negative baa no

Word formation[edit | edit source]

Compounding[edit | edit source]

Derivation[edit | edit source]

Noun[edit | edit source]

Noun to noun[edit | edit source]
Diminutive -ċi- t̕wãkjeet̕wãkċijee daughter → little daughter
Augmentative -doom- ngoomuungoomdoomuu mountain → grand mountain
Contradiction baa- ndartbaandart human → non-human
Similarity -ḥool- gambiiwgambiḥooluu tree → pseudo-tree
Half daal- kalabndaalkalabn dog → half-dog
Relational abstract -jootuu ḥoort̕ḥoort̕jootuu brother → brotherhood
Related person -teh- buulnbuulteht cattle → cowman
Collective -dja- tpanəntpandjan bird → birds (as a collective)
Place -tlo- pyyr̕śpyyr̕tloś fire → campfire
Art / Craft -teh-dja-ś quudyśquudytehdjaś war → craft of war
Knowledge -dja-tuuś (← -dja-jootuu-ś) sylqydjatehtsylqydjatuuś herbalist → herbalism
Expert -dja-teh- sylqynsylqydjateht herb → herbalist
Noun to adjective[edit | edit source]
Possessive -iq- ndartndartiqt man → human
Originative -aw- wããḥawwããḥawawt sky → celestial
Similaritive -netse- karḥankarḥanetset cat → felid
Feature -dũ- śeneśśenedũt hair → hairy
Affiliative -iqaw- krãljeekrãliqawt family → familiar
Privative baa-...-iq- tũũtuubaatũũtiqt tooth → toothless

Verb[edit | edit source]

Verb to noun[edit | edit source]
Agentive -teh- kte-kteteht (to) shoot → shooter
Experiencer, adressee, object -ne- luub-luubnet (to) teach → learner
Result -weh- bag-bagwehuu (to) fall → (a) fall
Instance, abstract -juu kloor̕-kloor̕juu (to) speak → speech
Instrument -nĩs- qaap-qaapnĩs (to) beat → whip
Place -tloquu breeq-breeqtloquu (to) kill → slaughterhouse
Verb to verb[edit | edit source]

Adjective[edit | edit source]

Adjective to noun[edit | edit source]
Abstract -juu ga'oolga'ooljuu strong → strength
Adjective to adjective[edit | edit source]
Tendency -tĩk- tsantsantĩkt good → bland
Intensification -taar- dwaad-dwaadtaart big → very big
Excess -tow- ċiik-ċiiktowt small → too small

Syntax[edit | edit source]

Word order[edit | edit source]

  • VSO
  • head-final

Copular verbs[edit | edit source]

Translative ksũs became
Essive soḥ be

Causativity[edit | edit source]

rãd
to cause ḥaaŋaaj → ḥaarãd ŋaajmaś I am seeing → I am showing
ḥaa'eċ → ḥaarãd 'eċmaś I am going → I am leading
ḥaamũt → ḥaarãd mũtmaś I am carrying → I am elevating

See Also[edit | edit source]