Proto-Qanday language
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Proto-Qanday | |
---|---|
Region | Seforma, Archipelago |
Language family |
|
Proto-Qanday |
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Pharyng. bilabial | Alveolar | Pharyng. alveolar | Postalveolar | Paryng. postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labial. velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | nˤ | ŋ~ɴ | |||||||
Prenasalized plosive | ᵐbˤ | ⁿdˤ | ᶰɢ | ||||||||
Plosive | p | pˤ bˤ | t | tˤ dˤ | k | q ɢ | ʔ | ||||
Affricate | t͡s | t͡sˤ d͡zˤ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃˤ d͡ʒˤ | |||||||
Fricative | s | sˤ | ʃ | ʃˤ | x~χ | ||||||
Lateral fricative | ɮ~ɬ~ɮˤ~ɬˤ | ||||||||||
Trill | r | rˤ | |||||||||
Approximant | j | ɰ | w |
ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/
p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/
bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/
t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/
d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/
s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s̕ ś ś̕ h/
m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n n̕ ŋ/
ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/
r rˤ /r r̕/
j ɰ w /j ḥ w/
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i ĩ | iː ĩː | ɨ ɨ̃ | ɨː ɨ̃ː | u ũ | uː ũː |
Mid | e̞ | eː | ɤ̞ o̞ | ɤː oː | ||
Open | aː ãː | ɒ ɒ̃ |
i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i ĩ y ỹ u ũ/
e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/
ɒ ɒ̃ /a ã/
iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /ii ĩĩ yy ỹỹ uu ũũ/
eː ɤː oː /ee əə oo/
äː ä̃ː /aa ãã/
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
(C)CV(ː)(C)(C)
Accent[edit | edit source]
Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable.
Nouns[edit | edit source]
- Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient).
- Secundative ditransitive alignment.
- Definiteness by pronoun.
- Possessor by pronoun.
[Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner]
Gender[edit | edit source]
Animate | Human | Masculine | -t / -ət | ndart | man |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | -jee | ndarjee | woman | ||
Non-Human | -n / -ən | wahiin | wolf | ||
Inaminate | Transportable | -ś / -əś | krãqś | stone | |
Untransportable | -uu / -ːw | ngoomuu | mountain |
Declension[edit | edit source]
Absolutive | - | ndart | man |
---|---|---|---|
Ergative | -ke | ndartke | |
Accusative | -ta | ndartta | |
Instrumental | -rĩĩ | ndartrĩĩ | by man |
Genetive | -ãh | ndartãh | of man |
Abessive | -nũ | ndartnũ | without man |
Number[edit | edit source]
Singular | - | tpanən | bird |
---|---|---|---|
Dual | -suu | tpanənsuu | two birds |
Plural | -laa | tpanənlaa | birds |
Nominal pre-determination of moods[edit | edit source]
Realis | - | gambiiw | tree |
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis | -i / -j | gambiiwi | tree (in non-indicative clause) |
Verbs[edit | edit source]
- Causative with using an auxiliary verb.
[Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality]
Tense-aspects[edit | edit source]
Past completive | -uq | 'eċuq | to go (action was completed, or its goal was achieved) |
---|---|---|---|
Past incompletive | -oor | 'eċoor | to go (action was incompleted) |
Past habitual | -ooḥ | 'eċooḥ | to go (action was habitually repeated) |
Future in past | -ããt | 'eċããt | to go (action was planned to accomplish, but has not been taken) |
Present continuous | - | 'eċ | to go (action is continuous, at time when speaker say) |
Present habitual | -iis̕ | 'eċiis̕ | to go (action is habitually repeated, but is accomplishing when speaker say) |
Future convinced | -eeh | 'eċeeh | to go (action is inevitable in future) |
Future dubious | -eem | 'eċeem | to go (it is uncertain whether action will be accomplished) |
Voice[edit | edit source]
Ergative-absolutive (Unvolitional) system[edit | edit source]
Passive | -l / -əl | ŋaajl | to be seen |
---|---|---|---|
Antipassive | -ar̕ / -'ar̕ | ŋaajar̕ | to see |
Absolutive-accusative (Volitional) system[edit | edit source]
Active | - | ŋaaj | to see |
---|---|---|---|
Passive | -l / -əl | ŋaajl | to be seen |
Medial | -ũts / -'ũts | ŋaajũts | to see self |
Moods[edit | edit source]
Indicative | - | kloor̕ | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Conditional | -p̕ĩĩ | kloor̕p̕ĩĩ | would speak |
Subjunctive | -taa | kloor̕taa | may speak |
Directive | -id / -'id | kloorid | speak |
Person[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | ḥaa- | ḥaaŋaaj | I am seeing | hat̕- | 'hat̕ŋaaj | we both are seeing | 'ãŋ | 'ãŋŋaaj | we all are seeing, but not you |
'eh | 'ehŋaaj | we all are seeing, together with you | |||||||
2. | 'oos- | 'oosŋaaj | Thou art seeing | 'oos̕- | 'oos̕ŋaaj | You both are seeing | 'oor- | 'oorŋaaj | You all are seeing, but not them |
'ooċ- | 'ooċŋaaj | You all are seeing, together with them | |||||||
3. | 'ĩp- | 'ĩpŋaaj | He / she / it is seeing | 'ĩp̕- | 'ĩp̕ŋaaj | Both of them are seeing | 'ĩĩb- | 'ĩĩbŋaaj | They all are seeing |
4. | win- | winŋaaj | Someone / something is seeing |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -aa / -'aa | ŋaajaa | see me | -aat̕ / -'aat̕ | ŋaajaat̕ | see both of us | -ãŋ / -'ãŋ | ŋaajãŋ | see us all, but not you |
-eh / -'eh | ŋaajeh | see us all, together with you | |||||||
2. | -oos / -'oos | ŋaajoos | see thee | -oos̕ / -'oos̕ | ŋaajoos̕ | see both of you | -oor / -'oor | ŋaajoor | see you all, but not them |
-ooċ / -'ooċ | ŋaajooċ | see you all, together with them | |||||||
3. | -ĩp / -'ĩp | ŋaajĩp | see him / her / it | -ĩp̕i / -'ĩp̕i | ŋaajĩp̕i | see both of them | -ĩbe / -'ĩbe | ŋaajĩbe | see them all |
4. | -win | ŋaajwin | see someone / something |
Evidentiality[edit | edit source]
Visual | - | qudz | to sit (and it is visible) |
---|---|---|---|
Non-visual | -kĩ | qudzkĩ | to sit (and it is not visible, but known from another sensoric source) |
Reported | -jã | qudzjã | to sit (and it is uncertain and unconfirmed information from other hand(s)) |
Assumed | -qoo | qudzqoo | to sit (and it is result of deduction) |
Non-finite verbs[edit | edit source]
Action noun | -ma- | ŋaajmaś | vision, seeing |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -rah | ŋaajrah | seeing |
Adverbial | -ro | ŋaajro | seeing |
Adjective[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|
- | wa'- | mbar- |
tsan | wa'tsan | mbartsan |
good | better | best |
Adverb[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|
- | wa'- | mbar- |
tsano | wa'tsano | mbartsano |
well | better | best |
Numerals[edit | edit source]
Cardinal numerals[edit | edit source]
1. | ngaan |
---|---|
2. | 'oċaar |
3. | lurkũ |
4. | dwãsũ |
5. | tigine |
Derived numerals[edit | edit source]
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ma- | śkee- | nari- | dũsu- | |
1. | mangaan | śkeengaan | naringaan | dũsungaan |
2. | ma'oċaar | śkee'oċaar | nari'oċaar | dũsu'oċaar |
3. | malurkũ | śkeelurkũ | narilurkũ | dũsulurkũ |
4. | madwãsũ | śkeedwãsũ | naridwãsũ | dũsudwãsũ |
5. | matigine | śkeetigine | naritigine | dũsutigine |
Numeral adverbs[edit | edit source]
baan̕o | many |
ċiiko | little |
daal | half |
p̕eśkee | how many times ? |
səptyn | so often |
Pronouns[edit | edit source]
- Gender suffixes on number stems.
Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
Subjectives[edit | edit source]
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | ḥaan | I | hat̕ | we both | 'ãŋ | we all |
'e' | we both and you | 'eh | we all and you | |||
2. | 'oos | Thou | 'oos̕ | You both | 'oor | You all |
'ook | You both and he / she / it | 'ooċ | You all and he / she / it | |||
3. | 'ĩp | He / she / it | 'ĩp̕ | Both of them | 'ĩĩb | They all |
4. | win | Someone / something |
Objectives[edit | edit source]
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | hnaa | I | ht̕a | we both | 'ãŋaa | we all |
'e'aa | we both and you | hee | we all and you | |||
2. | 'osaa | Thou | 'os̕aa | You both | 'oraa | You all |
'okaa | You both and he / she / it | 'oċaa | You all and he / she / it | |||
3. | 'ĩpa | He / she / it | 'ĩp̕a | Both of them | 'ĩbaa | They all |
4. | winaa | Someone / something |
Possessive pronouns[edit | edit source]
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | ḥaaniś | my | hat̕iś | of both us | 'ãŋiś | of us all |
'e'iś | of both us and your | 'ehiś | of us all and your | |||
2. | 'oosiś | thy | 'oos̕iś | of you both | 'ooriś | of you all |
'ookiś | of you both and him / her / its | 'ooċiś | of you all and him / her / its | |||
3. | 'ĩpiś | Him / her / its | 'ĩp̕iś | of both them | 'ĩĩbiś | of they all |
4. | winiś | Someone / something else's |
Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Proper | Distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | səə | this | kəə | that | ŋəə | someone / something there |
Place | sətloq | here | kətloq | there | ŋətloq | somewhere there |
Source | 'awsətloq | from here | 'awkətloq | from there | 'awŋətloq | from somewhere there |
Purpose direction | se'sətloq | to here | se'kətloq | to there, so far | se'ŋətloq | to somewhere there |
Path | səkwal | this way | kəkwal | that way | ŋəkwal | some way |
Time | səboon | now | kəboon | then | ||
Method | səraak | in this way | kəraak | in that way | ŋəraak | in some way |
Quantity | səbaan̕ | so much | ||||
Qualify | sətloqsə | like this here | kətloqkə | like that | ŋətloqŋə | like something there |
Reason | səmaag | for this reason | kəmaag | for that reason | ŋəmaag | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | p̕el | who ? which ? | p̕elŋ | someone | p̕elŋaan | anyone |
Place | p̕etloq | where ? | p̕eltloqŋ | somewhere | p̕eltloqŋaan | anywhere |
Source | 'awp̕etloq | whence ? | 'awp̕etloqŋ | from somewhere | 'awp̕etloqŋaan | from anywhere |
Purpose direction | se'p̕etloq | whither ? | se'p̕etloqŋ | to somewhere | se'p̕etloqŋaan | to anywhere |
Path | p̕ekwal | which way ? | p̕ekwalŋ | via some way | p̕ekwalŋaan | via any way |
Time | p̕eboon | when ? | p̕ekwalŋ | once | p̕ekwalŋaan | ever |
Method | p̕eraak | how ? | p̕eraakŋ | somehow | p̕eraakŋaan | anyhow |
Quantity | p̕ebaan' | how much ? | p̕ebaan'ŋ | somehow much | p̕ebaan'ŋaan | anyhow much |
Quality | p̕ees | which one ? | ngaanes | some | p'eesŋaan | any |
Reason | se'maag | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | baap̕e | nobody, nothing | rtãã | every | p̕eqtot | anyone else |
Place | baatloq | nowhere | rtããtloq | everywhere | tloqtot (← tloq-qtot) | elswhere |
Source | 'awbaatloq | from nowhere | 'awrtããtloq | from everywhere | 'awtloqtot | from elswhere |
Purpose direction | se'baatloq | to nowhere | se'rtããtloq | to everywhere | se'tloqtot | to elswhere |
Path | baakwal | through no way | rtããkwal | through all ways | kwaalqtot | which way else |
Time | baaboon | never | rtããboon | always | booŋqtot | when else |
Method | baaraak | nohow | rtããraak | in all methods | raaqtot (← raak-qtot) | otherwise |
Quantity | baabaan' | nothing | baaŋqtot | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | baats | neuter, indistinct | tsəraak | any | tsəət | other |
Numeral pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | p̕ebaan' | how much ? |
---|---|---|
Indefinite | p̕ebaan'ŋ | write a number |
Unlimited | p̕ebaan'ŋaan | however many |
Negative | baabaan' | nothing |
Alternative | baaŋqtot | otherwise than so many |
Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Reflexive / Reciprocal | śih | oneself / each other |
---|---|---|
Cooperative | śihċi (← śih + ċi) | together cooperatively |
Prepositions[edit | edit source]
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals[edit | edit source]
ḥo | in, inside | Absolutive |
---|---|---|
'awḥo | from inside | Accusative |
se'ḥo | to inside | Genetive |
s̕a | on | Absolutive |
'aws̕a | from on | Accusative |
se's̕a | onto | Genetive |
s̕a'o | above | Absolutive |
'aws̕a'o | from above | Accusative |
se's̕a'o | to above | Genetive |
tsa'o | under | Absolutive |
'awtsa'o | from under | Accusative |
se'tsa'o | to under | Genetive |
knen | beside | Absolutive |
'awknen | from beside | Accusative |
se'knen | to beside | Genetive |
gaaw | away | Absolutive |
'awgaan | from away | Accusative |
se'gaan | to away | Genetive |
lago | between | Absolutive |
'awlago | from between | Accusative |
se'lago | to between | Genetive |
daam | behind | Absolutive |
'awdaam | from behind | Accusative |
se'daam | to behind | Genetive |
de | out | Absolutive |
'awde | from out | Accusative |
se'de | to out | Genetive |
ḥoċatar | around | Absolutive |
'awċatar | from around | Accusative |
se'ċatar | to around | Genetive |
gook | before, opposite to | Absolutive |
'awgook | from before, from opposite to | Accusative |
se'gook | to before, to opposite to | Genetive |
boon | during, in time of | Absolutive |
'awboon | from time of | Accusative |
se'boon | to time of | Genetive |
ktsa | after | Absolutive |
'awktsa | from after | Accusative |
se'ktsa | to after | Genetive |
Other prepositions[edit | edit source]
Companion, attributive object | ḥal | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Originative direction | 'aw | from | Accusative |
Destinative direction, purpose, goal | se' | to | Genetive |
Lack | bar̕ | without | Genetive |
Alternative | ḥotloq | instead | Genetive |
Contrary | preeḥ | against | Genetive |
Resistance | ḥada | despite, though | Genetive |
Stylization | s̕adãlo | along to, according to | Instrumental |
Benefactive | tsu | for, destined to | Genetive |
Essive | ḥoskaat | as, at character of | Absolutive |
Excessive | 'awskaat | from character of | Accusative |
Particles[edit | edit source]
Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | ċi | and |
Conjunctive | ċikaa | also |
Disjunctive | weel | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | oot | but |
Consequentive | kaa | so |
Comparative | t̕ĩ | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
nak | to, for | |
toho | althought | |
se'nak | because | |
taś | if | |
ky | that, providing |
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
Restrictive | ngaano | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | ċita' | yet |
Polarity particles[edit | edit source]
Affirmative | ja' | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | baa | no |
Word formation[edit | edit source]
Compounding[edit | edit source]
Derivation[edit | edit source]
Noun[edit | edit source]
Noun to noun[edit | edit source]
Diminutive | -ċi- | t̕wãkjee → t̕wãkċijee | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | -doom- | ngoomuu → ngoomdoomuu | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | baa- | ndart → baandart | human → non-human |
Similarity | -ḥool- | gambiiw → gambiḥooluu | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | daal- | kalabn → daalkalabn | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -jootuu | ḥoort̕ → ḥoort̕jootuu | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -teh- | buuln → buulteht | cattle → cowman |
Collective | -dja- | tpanən → tpandjan | bird → birds (as a collective) |
Place | -tlo- | pyyr̕ś → pyyr̕tloś | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | -teh-dja-ś | quudyś → quudytehdjaś | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | -dja-tuuś (← -dja-jootuu-ś) | sylqydjateht → sylqydjatuuś | herbalist → herbalism |
Expert | -dja-teh- | sylqyn → sylqydjateht | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective[edit | edit source]
Possessive | -iq- | ndart → ndartiqt | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | -aw- | wããḥaw → wããḥawawt | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | -netse- | karḥan → karḥanetset | cat → felid |
Feature | -dũ- | śeneś → śenedũt | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -iqaw- | krãljee → krãliqawt | family → familiar |
Privative | baa-...-iq- | tũũtuu → baatũũtiqt | tooth → toothless |
Verb[edit | edit source]
Verb to noun[edit | edit source]
Agentive | -teh- | kte- → kteteht | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee, object | -ne- | luub- → luubnet | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -weh- | bag- → bagwehuu | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance, abstract | -juu | kloor̕- → kloor̕juu | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -nĩs- | qaap- → qaapnĩs | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -tloquu | breeq- → breeqtloquu | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |
Verb to verb[edit | edit source]
Adjective[edit | edit source]
Adjective to noun[edit | edit source]
Abstract | -juu | ga'ool → ga'ooljuu | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective[edit | edit source]
Tendency | -tĩk- | tsan → tsantĩkt | good → bland |
---|---|---|---|
Intensification | -taar- | dwaad- → dwaadtaart | big → very big |
Excess | -tow- | ċiik- → ċiiktowt | small → too small |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Word order[edit | edit source]
- VSO
- head-final
Copular verbs[edit | edit source]
Translative | ksũs | became |
---|---|---|
Essive | soḥ | be |
Causativity[edit | edit source]
rãd | ||
---|---|---|
to cause | ḥaaŋaaj → ḥaarãd ŋaajmaś | I am seeing → I am showing |
ḥaa'eċ → ḥaarãd 'eċmaś | I am going → I am leading | |
ḥaamũt → ḥaarãd mũtmaś | I am carrying → I am elevating |
See Also[edit | edit source]
|