Proto-Araqish language

Proto-Araqish
Pronunciation	/ɑɾɑqiʂ/
Region	Originalia
Language family	Proto-Araqish
Proto-Araqish

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i iː	u uː
Mid-High	e eː	o oː
Mid-Low	ɛ ɛː	ɔ ɔː
Low	a aː	ɑ ɑː

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental			Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular			Glottal
Plosive	p pʰ bʰ		t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ʰ			ʈ ʈʰ ɖʰ				k kʰ gʰ		q qʰ ɢʰ
Fricative			s̪			ʂ									h
Nasal	m		n̪			(ɳ)				ŋ		(ɴ)
Tap or flap			ɾ̪			(ɽ)
Approximant		ʋ	(l̪)			(ɭ)		j

Araqistic notation

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i í	u ú
Mid-High	e é	o ó
Mid-Low	è ê	ò ô
Low	æ ǽ	a á

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental			Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular			Glottal
Plosive	p ph b		t th d			ṭ ṭh ḍ				k kh g		q qh ġ
Fricative			s			ṣ									x(1)
Nasal	m		n							ṇ
Tap or flap			r(2)
Approximant		v						y

⁽¹⁾ Also <h> is permitted.
⁽²⁾ Phonemically, lateral consonants are variants of taps in syllabic coda.

Phonotactics

(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)

C = any consonant
G = glide or approximant
V = any short vowel
Vː = any long vowel
R = any resonantal consonant

Geminates in the same syllable are disallowed.

Accent

First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable.

Grammar

Noun

Morphemic order: [Definiteness + Root + Derivative extension(s) + Collectivity + Case]

Definiteness

Indefinite		-	règ	(a) wolf
Definite	Proper	se-	se-règ	the wolf
	Visual distant	ṭa-	ṭa-règ	that wolf
	Non-visual distant	va-	va-règ	yonder wolf

These prefixes also can exist independently in similar role to demonstrative pronouns.

Collectivity

Collective	-	règ	(a) wolf / "wolf-ity"
Singulative	-ò	règò	(a) one wolf

Declension

Nominative	Active subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, lexical form, donor of ditransitive verbs	-	min	(a) man
Accusative	Inactive subject or patient, recipient of ditransitive verbs	-am	minam	(a) man
Instrumental	Instrument, method, manner, instruction, accompaniament, theme of ditransitive verbs	-vá	minvá	by/with a man
Vialis	Spatial/temporal way, path	-rí	minrí	via (a) man
Allative	Direction to a target	-ṭha	minṭha	to (a) man
Ablative	Direction from something, separation	-de	minde	from (a) man
Locative	Place, space, position	-su	minsu	(in) (a) man
Genitive	Possessing side, various postpositions	-ni	minni	of (a) man
Benefactive	Destination to something	-phú	minphú	for (a) man

Inactive nouns have accusatival endings for the Nominative.

Verb

Morphemic order: [(Aspect + Root + Voice) + Root extension(s) + State + (Subject + Tense) + Object]

Aspect

Progressive	-	yév-	(to) look, observe
Stative	Ce-CV(ː)-	yeyév-	(to) see

Voice

Active	-	yév-	(to) look, observe
Middle	-si-	yésiv-	(to) look on self
Causative	-tæ-	yétæv-	(to) to pay attention, (to) cause looking to smth
Middle-Causative1	-kha-	yékhav-	(to) pay attention to self, (to) cause looking to self

¹ - rare, reserved only for several verbs

State (Secondary aspect)

Inceptive	-ar-	yévar-	began to see
Continuative	-im-	yévim-	still to see
Pausative	-ith-	yévith-	stop to see
Terminative	-èb-	yévèb-	end to see

Tense and persons

Present subjective persons

	Singular		Plural
1.	-an	I	-ama	we
2.	-ak	you	-aka	you
3.	-o	he / she / it	-oha	they
4.	-	someone / something

Non-present subjective persons

	Singular		Plural
1.	-amu	I	-amav	we
2.	-aku	you	-akav	you
3.	-ov	he / she / it	-ova	they
4.	-u / -v	someone / something

Objective persons

	Singular		Plural
1.	-un / -n	me	-una / -na	us
2.	-akh / -kh	you	-akha / -kha	you
3.	-ôṣ / -ṣ	he / she / it	-ôṣa / -ṣa	them
4.	-ur / -r	someone / something

Non-finite verbs

Action noun	-nêr	yévnêr	vision, seeing
Participles
Adjectival	-té	yévté	seeing
Adverbial	-tú	yévtú	seeing

Adjective

Adjectives in syntactical conditions are divided into two groups dependent and independent.
Dependent form occurs before nouns, and is inflected in the three cases; Nominative, Objective and Instrumental, and don't have the collectivity affix.
Independent form is inflected as a nouns, and can be used as an abstract nouns.
All adjectives inflect by four degrees.

Dependent adjectives' declension

Nominative	-	tǽt	good
Objective	-am	tǽtam	(of/in/to/from) good
Instrumental	-vá	tǽtvá	(by/with) good

Degrees of comparison

Positive	Comparative	Optimative	Superlative
-	-yò	-yár	-tís
tǽt	tǽtyò	tǽtyár	tǽttís
good	better	best (of a group)	best (of a total)

Adverb

Deadjectival adverbs are created by special suffix. They are inflected by degree.

Degrees of comparison

Positive	Comparative	Optimative	Superlative
-e	-yê	-yáre	-tíse
tǽte	tǽtyê	tǽtyáre	tǽttíse
well	better	best (of a group)	best (of a total)

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

1.	òr
2.	ḍaxá
3.	taryú
4.	ambuqi
5.	khadru
6.	khaṣḍu
7.	tôqtu
8.	kyáskhu
9.	davsu
10.	máthu
11.	máthu òr-vo
12.	máthu ḍaxá-vo
20.	ḍaxmáthu
21.	ḍaxmáthu òr-vo
30	taryúmathu
100.	mamêth
101.	mamêth òr-vo
120.	mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo
121.	mamêth ḍaxmáthu-vo òr-vo
200.	ḍaxá mamêth
1.000.	varmêth
10.000.	máthu varmêth

Derived numerals

	Ordinal	Multiplicative	Reproductive	Distributive	Fractional
	-uk / -k	-ph-as	-and-as / -nd-as	-uk-as / -k-as	-nôy
1.	òruk	òrphas	òrandas	òrukas	òrnôy
2.	ḍaxák	ḍaxáphas	ḍaxándas	ḍaxákas	ḍaxánôy
3.	taryúk	taryúphas	taryúndas	taryúkas	taryúnôy
4.	ambuqik	ambuqiphas	ambuqindas	ambuqikas	ambuqinôy
5.	khadruk	khadruphas	khadrundas	khadrukas	khadrunôy
6.	khaṣḍuk	khaṣḍuphas	khaṣḍundas	khaṣḍukas	khaṣḍunôy
7.	tôqtuk	tôqtuphas	tôqtundas	tôqtukas	tôqtunôy
8.	kyáṣkuk	kyáṣkuphas	kyáṣkundas	kyáṣkukas	kyáṣkunôy
9.	davsuk	davsuphas	davsundas	davsukas	davsunôy
10.	máthuk	máthuphas	máthundas	máthukas	máthunôy
11.	máthuk òruk-vo	máthu òruphas-vo	máthu òrundas	máthu òrukas	máthu òrunôy
20.	ḍaxmáthuk	ḍaxmáthuphas	ḍaxmáthundas	ḍaxmathukas	ḍaxmathunôy
21.	ḍaxmáthuk òruk-vo	ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo	ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo	ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo	ḍaxmáthu òrunôy-vo
100.	mamêthuk	mamêthuphas	mamêthundas	mamêthukas	mamêthunôy
101.	mamêthuk òruk-vo	mamêthu òruphas-vo	mamêthu òrundas-vo	mamêthu òrukas-vo	mamêthu òrunôy-vo
120.	mamêthuk ḍaxmáthuk-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthuphas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthundas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthukas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthunôy-vo
121.	mamêthuk ḍaxmathuk-vo òruk-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òruphas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrundas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrukas-vo	mamêthu ḍaxmáthu òrnôy-vo
200.	ḍaxá mamêthuk	ḍaxá mamêthuphas	ḍaxá mamêthundas	ḍaxá mamêthukas	ḍaxá mamêthunôy
1000.	varmêthuk	varmêthuphas	varmêthundas	varmêthukas	varmêthunôy
10.000.	máthu varmêthuk	máthu varmêthuphas	máthu varmêthundas	máthu varmêthukas	máthu varmêthunôy

Numeral adverbs

váre	many
víne	little
tyap	half
qòrephas	how many times ?
serephas	so often

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns inflect by case in the same way as a nouns.

	Singular		Plural
1.	na	I	mé	we
2.	khú	thou here	ṇé	you here
	ṭú	thou there	yô	you there
3.	óm	he / she / it here	óma	they here
	ês	he / she / it there	êsa	they there
4.	ṣá	someone / something here
	ġá	someone / something there

Possessive pronouns

	Singular		Plural
1.	nas	my	més	our
2.	khús	thy here	ṇés	your here
	ṭús	thy there	yôs	your there
3.	ómas	his / her / its here	ómsa	their here
	êsas	his / her / its there	êssa	their there
4.	ṣás	someone / something else's here
	ġás	someone / something else's there

Demonstrative pronouns

	Proper		Distant Visual		Distant Non-Visual
Person / Object	se	this	ṭa	that	va	someone / something there
Place	seder	here	ṭader	there	vader	somewhere there
Source	sederer	from here	ṭaderer	from there	vaderer	from somewhere there
Purpose direction	sederkè	to here	ṭaderkè	to there, so far	vaderkè	to somewhere there
Path	sónda (← se-gonda)	this way	ṭónda (← ṭa-gonda)	that way	vónda (← va-gonda)	some way
Time	semat	now	ṭamat	then
Method	ses	in this way	ṭas	in that way	vas	in some way
Quantity	sere	so much
Qualify	seṇúr	like this here	ṭaṇúr	like that	vaṇúr	like something there
Reason	sephú	for this reason	ṭaphú	for that reason	vaphú	for some reason

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns

	Interrogative / Relative		Indefinite		Unlimited
Person / Object	qò	who ? which ?	òqò	someone	òqòráy	anyone
Place	qòder	where ?	òqòder	somewhere	òqòderráy	anywhere
Source	qòderer	whence ?	òqòderer	from somewhere	òqòdererráy	from anywhere
Purpose direction	qòderkè	whither ?	òqòderkê	to somewhere	òqòderkêrráy	to anywhere
Path	qónda (← qò-gonda)	which way ?	òqònda	via some way	òqòndaráy	via any way
Time	qòmat	when ?	òqòmat	once	òqòmatráy	ever
Method	qás	how ?	òqás	somehow	òqásráy	anyhow
Quantity	qòre	how much ?	òqòre	somehow much	òqòreráy	anyhow much
Qualify	qòṇúr	which one ?	òqòṇúr	some	òqòṇúrráy	any
Reason	qòphú	why ?

Negative, universal and alternative pronouns

	Negative		Universal		Alternative
Person / Object	môqò	nobody, nothing	qòṣár	every	ínqò	anyone else
Place	môqòder	nowhere	òqòderṣár	everywhere	ínqòder	elswhere
Source	môqòderer	from nowhere	òqòdererṣár	from everywhere	inqòderer	from elswhere
Purpose direction	môqòderkè	to nowhere	òqòderkèṣár	to everywhere	ínqòderkè	to elswhere
Path	môqónda	through no way	òqóndaṣár	through all ways	ínqónda	which way else
Time	môqòmat	never	òqòmatṣár	always	ínqòmat	when else
Method	môqás	nohow	òqásṣár	in all methods	ínqás	otherwise
Quantity	môqòre	nothing	òqòreṣár	otherwise than so many
Quality	môqòṇúr	neuter, indistinct	òqòṇúrṣár	any	ín	other

Numeral pronouns

Interrogative / Relative	qòre	how much ?
Indefinite	òqòre	write a number
Unlimited	òqòreráy	however many
Negative	môqòre	nothing
Alternative	òqòreṣár	otherwise than so many

Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns

Reflexive	rè	oneself
Reciprocal	ḍárè (← ḍaxá + rè)	each other
Cooperative	rèbyæ (← rè + byæ)	together cooperatively

Postpositions

Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals

iv	in, inside	Locative
	from inside	Ablative
	to inside	Allative
ir	on	Locative
	from on	Ablative
	to on	Allative
súr	above	Locative
	from above	Ablative
	to above	Allative
du	under	Locative
	from under	Ablative
	to under	Allative
byæ	beside	Locative
	from beside	Ablative
	to beside	Allative
ġó	away	Locative
	from away	Ablative
	to away	Allative
ḍaxív	between	Locative
	from between	Ablative
	to between	Allative
só	behind	Locative
	from behind	Ablative
	to behind	Allative
sók	out	Locative
	from out	Ablative
	to out	Allative
keṇkiv	around	Locative
	from around	Ablative
	to around	Allative
phôr	before, opposite to	Locative
	from before, from opposite to	Ablative
	to before, to opposite to	Allative
mativ	during, in time of	Locative
	from time of	Ablative
	to time of	Allative
ku	after	Locative
	from after	Ablative
	to after	Allative

Other postpositions

Companion, attributive object	vóv (← vo-vá)	with	Instrumental
Material, substantion, origin	er	from	Ablative
Lack	môv (← mô-vá)	without	Genitive
Alternative	deriv	instead	Genitive
Contrary	phôrer	against	Allative
Resistance	kúv (← ku-vo)	despite, though	Inactive
Stylization	byǽv (← byæ-vo)	along to, according to	Instrumental

Particles

Conjunctions

Paratactical conjunctions
Copulative	vo	and
Conjunctive	ṭáv	also
Disjunctive	sa	or
Contrastive, exceptional	tó	but
Consequentive	rèṣ	so
Comparative	pe	than
Hypotactical conjunctions
bô		to, for
tóvo		althought
rèṣer		because
eṭvo		if
dè		that, providing

Modifiers

Common modifiers
Restrictive	òre	only
Additive	êṭe	yet
Verbal modifiers
Potentional	qay	Expresses an action or situation which may be happen.
Hypothetical	bú	Expresses a counterfactual but possible event or situation.
Imperative	í	Expresses direct commands.
Prohibitive	mí	Expresses direct prohibitions.
Precative	nú	Expresses a requests.
Dubitative	áx	Expresses a dubious event or action.
Desiderative	ryǽ	Expresses a wishes or desires.
Jussive	qháv	Expresses a moral pressure for an action or event.
Obligative	ġar	Expresses an obligation from a personal oath, honour, contract or another event or action.
Permissive	thóm	Expresses a subject's permission to action or event.
Necessitative	báqh	Expresses an event or action, which is needed as a way to purpose.
Interrogative	xê	It is using to expressing a questions and interrogations.

Polarity particles

Affirmative	ṭáx	yes
Negative1	mô	no

¹ Only in independent form.

Word formation

Derivation

Noun

Noun to noun

Diminutive	-sí	kháṣá → kháṣásí	daughter → little daughter
Augmentative	-dá	dyǽr → dyǽrdá	mountain → grand mountain
Contradiction	mô-	min → mômin	human → non-human
Similarity	-rǽx	dumb → dumbrǽx	tree → pseudo-tree
Half	-tyap	súg → súgtyap	dog → half-dog
Relational abstract	-næn	agô → agônæn	brother → brotherhood
Related person	-tan	bák → báktan	cow → cowman
Place	-der	xôg → xôgder	fire → campfire
Art / Craft	-kant	bábá → bábákant	war → craft of war
Knowledge	-móg	samarand → samarandmóg	herb → herbalism
Expert	-môgtan	samarandmóg → samarandmógtan	herbalism → herbalist
Product	-vík	púrú → púrúvík	meal → bread

Noun to adjective

Possessive	-as	xvaq → xvaqas	horse → equine
Originative	-er-as	deṇsu → deṇsuras	sky → celestial
Similaritive	-tyás (← -tí-as)	meṣṭe → meṣtetyás	cat → felid
Feature	-svas (← -su-as)	mvar → mvarsvas	hair → hairy
Affiliative	-nyas (← -ni-as)	ġáná → ġánányas	family → familiar
Privative	môv-...-as	thǽd → môvthǽdas	tooth → toothless

Verb

Verb to noun

Agentive	-tan	kuṣṭ- → kuṣṭtan	(to) shoot → shooter
Experiencer, adressee	-mi	mǽd-- → mǽdmi	(to) teach → learner
Result	-ma	qub- → qubma	(to) fall → (a) fall
Instance	-pê	iṣ- → iṣpê	(to) speak → speech
Instrument	-kep	bá- → bákep	(to) beat → hammer
Place	-der	gon- → gonder	(to) kill → slaughterhouse

Verb to verb

Reaction	tu-	bá- → tubá-	(to) beat → (to) shield against beatings
		bábá- → tubábá-	(to) war → (to) repel attack
		iṣ- → tviṣ-	(to) speak → (to) reply
Intensification	syllabic reduplication	bá- → bábá-	(to) beat → (to) war

Adjective

Adjective to noun

Abstract	-næn	bônd → bôndnæn	strong → strength

Adjective to adjective

Tendency	-dyem	tǽt → tǽtdyǽm	good → bland
Intensification	syllabic reduplication	ġab → ġaġab	big → very big
Excess	-ġab	tís → tísġab	small → too small

Syntax

Word order

Main word order is SOV. Generally, also it may be free, so other combinations are possible without a meaning's change.

Copular verbs

	Positive		Negative
Translative	ar	became	már	don't became
Essive	êṭ	be	môṭ	don't be
Excessive	èb	cease to be	im	don't cease to be

See Also

• Proto-Araqish dialects
• Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish