Proto-Thánan language
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Proto-Thánan | |
---|---|
Region | Omoserica |
Language family |
|
300px Proto-Thánan |
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
Plosive | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
Fricative | f v | θ̠ ð̠ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | h |
Trill | r | ||||
Lateral approximant | l | ʎ |
Spelling[edit | edit source]
p t c k ʔ /p t c k '/
f θ̠ ç x h /f θ ç ḫ h/
v ð̠ ʝ ɣ /v ð j x/
m n ɲ ŋ /m ń ŋ/
l ʎ r /l ḷ r/
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | ||
Close | iː | uː | |||
Mid-Close | ɘ | ɵ | |||
Mid-Open | ɛː | ɞ | |||
Open | ɑ | ɒː |
Spelling[edit | edit source]
Long vowels
iː uː /í ú/
ɛː /é/
ɒː /á/
Long vowels
ɘ ɵ /i u/
ɞ /e/
ɑ /a/
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
(C)(R)V(ː)(R)(C)
C = any consonant
R = any resonantal consonant
V = any vowel
Vː = any long vowel
Accent[edit | edit source]
Morphologically unchanged, on first syllable of main root.
Grammar[edit | edit source]
Nouns[edit | edit source]
- ergative-genetive alignment
- secundative ditransitive alignment
- four cases (suffixal): Ergative, Genetive, Instrumental, Prepositional
- no gender
- definite article, indefinite article based on number one.
- number (preffixal): singular, plural
[Article] + [Number + Root + Root extension + Case]
Declension[edit | edit source]
Ergative | - | hulmá | wolf | agent, lexical form |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genetive | -θe | hulmáθe | wolf, of wolf | intransitive subject, patient, ditransitive recipient, possessor |
Instrumental | -lal | hulmálal | by wolf, with wolf | instrument, accompaniament, ditransitive theme |
Relational | -ni | hulmáni | (in/at/to/...) wolf | used with various relational nouns |
Number[edit | edit source]
Singular | - | keme | man |
---|---|---|---|
Plural | ti- / c- | tikeme | men |
Definiteness[edit | edit source]
Definite | ða | ða çrél | the flower |
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | ha | ha çrél | a flower |
Relational nouns[edit | edit source]
Relational noun + [Noun + Relative case ending]
Xáç 'ar θíp ða katapni ða juke.
"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."
Spatials[edit | edit source]
'aḫu | inside | in |
---|---|---|
θíp | top | on |
kavða | head | above |
tám | bottom | under |
pék | side | beside |
xál | distance | away |
ciŋke | centre | between |
kelp | back | behind, after |
náḫ | outside | out |
vekele | wheel | around |
'aftu | front | before, opposite to |
númu | time | during, in time of |
Other relationals[edit | edit source]
Companion, attributive object | jeh | with |
---|---|---|
Originative direction | 'ari | from |
Destinative direction, purpose, goal | haθu | to |
Lack | vajeh | without |
Alternative | kelke | instead |
Contrary | tavá | against |
Resistance | haθri | despite, though |
Stylization | xajva | along to, according to |
Benefactive | ńín | for, destined to |
Essive | 'íçu | as, at character of |
Verbs[edit | edit source]
- transitivity marked
- two aspects: progressive, stative
- two moods: realis, irrealis
- causative infixed into root
[Aspect + (Root + Causative) + Root extension + Transitivity + Mood] + [Object] + [Subject]
Aspect[edit | edit source]
Incompletive | - | 'uc | to go (incomplete action) |
---|---|---|---|
Completive | reduplication of root's onset | 'u'uc | to go (completed action) |
Causativity[edit | edit source]
Non-causative | - | kén | to see |
---|---|---|---|
Causative | -ra- | kéran | to show |
Transitivity[edit | edit source]
Intransitive | - | 'ic | to eat (in intransitive clause) |
---|---|---|---|
Transitive | -eh | 'iceh | to eat (in transitive clause) |
Moods[edit | edit source]
Realis | - | kláθ | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis | -tú | kláθtú | would speak (and other non-declarative meanings) |
Non-finite verbal forms[edit | edit source]
Action noun | -lí | jíplí | living |
---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | -at -'at | jípat | to live |
Participle | -ní | jipní | living |
Adjective / Adverb[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|
- | -já | -θar |
fíl | fíḷá (← fíl-já) | fílθar |
good | better | best |
Numerals[edit | edit source]
Cardinal numerals[edit | edit source]
1. | harakap |
---|---|
2. | kucara |
3. | varakma |
4. | varakma-kucara |
5. | varakma-kucara-harakap |
Derived numerals[edit | edit source]
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ju | kín | ta'éh | pep | |
1. | harakap ju | harakap kín | harakap ta'éh | harakap pep |
2. | kucara ju | kucara kín | kucara ta'éh | kucara pep |
3. | varakma ju | varakma kín | varakma ta'éh | varakma pep |
4. | varakma-kucara ju | varakma-kucara kín | varakma-kucara ta'éh | varakma-kucara pep |
5. | varakma-kucara-harakap ju | varakma-kucara-harakap kín | varakma-kucara-harakap ta'éh | varakma-kucara-harakap pep |
Pronouns[edit | edit source]
Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | jíθ | I | lé | we all, but not you | ||
nám | we all, together with you | |||||
2. | çí | Thou | θem | You all | ||
3. | 'ar | He / she / it | cam | They all |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | ni | me | li | us all, but not you | ||
nemi | us all, together with you | |||||
2. | çíri | Thee | θemri | You all | ||
3. | 'arri | Him / her / its | camri | Them all |
Possessive pronouns[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | nijah | my | léjah | of us all, but not you | ||
námjah | of us all, together with you | |||||
2. | çíjah | thy | θemjah | of you all | ||
3. | 'arjah | his / her / its | camjah | of they all |
Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Definite | Indefinite | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | ða | this | ha | someone / something |
Place | ðanah | here | hanah | somewhere |
Path | ðatrem | this way | hatrem | some way |
Time | ðanúm | now | hanúm | then |
Method | ðanréθ | in this way | hanréθ | in some way |
Quantity | ðaxáli | so much | ||
Quality | ðaḫa'ov | like this | haḫa'ov | like something |
Reason | ðapanθi | for this reason | hapanθi | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | xat | who ? which ? | xavi | someone | xaθuŋlu | anyone |
Place | xanah | where ? | xanahvi | somewhere | xanahθuŋlu | anywhere |
Path | xatrem | which way ? | xatremvi | via some way | xatremθuŋlu | via any way |
Time | xanúm | when ? | xanúmvi | once | xanúmθuŋlu | ever |
Method | xanréθ | how ? | xanréθvi | somehow | xanréθθuŋlu | anyhow |
Quantity | xaxáli | how much ? | xaxálivi | somehow much | xaxáliθuŋlu | anyhow much |
Quality | xaḫa'ov | which one ? | xaḫa'ovvi | some | xaḫa'ovθuŋlu | any |
Reason | xapanθi | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | vexa | nobody, nothing | járxa | every | rúxaθuŋ | anyone else |
Place | vexanah | nowhere | járnah | everywhere | rúnahθuŋ | elswhere |
Path | vexatrem | through no way | jártrem | through all ways | rútremθuŋ | which way else |
Time | vexanúm | never | járnúm | always | rúnúmθuŋ | when else |
Method | venréθ | nohow | járnréθ | in all methods | rúnréθθuŋ | otherwise |
Quantity | vexáli | nothing | rúxáliθuŋ | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | veḫa'ov | neuter, indistinct | járvi | any | rúθuŋ | other |
Numeral pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | xaxáli | how much ? |
---|---|---|
Indefinite | xaxálivi | write a number |
Unlimited | xaxáliθuŋlu | however many |
Negative | vexáli | nothing |
Alternative | rúxáliθuŋ | otherwise than so many |
Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun[edit | edit source]
Reflexive / Reciprocal | liŋ | oneself / each other |
---|
Particles[edit | edit source]
Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | hí | and |
Conjunctive | híni | also |
Disjunctive | te | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | té' | but |
Consequentive | ḫúm | so |
Comparative | jaf | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
fáða | to, for | |
helða | althought | |
'elkip | because | |
fá | if | |
θíŋ | that, providing |
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
Restrictive | lete | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | hute | yet |
Polarity particles[edit | edit source]
Affirmative | na | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | ve | no |
Word formation[edit | edit source]
Compounding[edit | edit source]
Derivation[edit | edit source]
Noun[edit | edit source]
Noun to noun[edit | edit source]
Diminutive | -ńí | tlíńci → tlińcińi | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | -uxa / -xa | vaðú → vaðúxa | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | ve- | keme → vekeme | human → non-human |
Similarity | -ḫa'ov | pampú → pampúḫa'ov | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | -θele | juke → jukeθele | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -mén | karaḷ → karaḷmén | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -ní | vúva → vúvaní | cow → cowman |
Collective | -ḫar | feteθ → feteθḫar | bird → birds (a a collective) |
Place | -nah | kek → keknah | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | -tu'ok | ḫaraŋ → ḫaraŋtu'ok | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | -ðáv-ḫar | kuθlí → kuθlíðávḫar | herb → herbalism |
Expert | -ðáv-ní | kuθlí → kuθlíðávní | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective[edit | edit source]
Possessive | -ma | keme → kemema | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | -'ari | návu → návu'ari | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | -ḫa'ov-ma | juke → jukeḫa'ovma | dog → canid |
Feature | -jár-ma | fjéθ → fjéθjárma | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -jeh-ma | tímpa → tímpajehma | family → familiar |
Privative | ve-...-ma | funt → vefuntma | tooth → toothless |
Verb[edit | edit source]
Verb to noun[edit | edit source]
Agentive | -ní | fút- → fútní | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee, object | -liŋ-ní | θríl- → θrílliŋní | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -fe | kap- → kapfe | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance | -naç | kláθ- → kláθnaç | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -tul | ḫap- → ḫaptul | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -nah | xem- → xemnah | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |
Verb to verb[edit | edit source]
Adjective[edit | edit source]
Adjective to noun[edit | edit source]
Abstract | -mén | xárt → xártmén | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective[edit | edit source]
Intensification | -xál | dáŋ → dáŋxál | big → very big |
---|---|---|---|
Excess | -líń | míŋk → míŋklíń | small → too small |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Word order[edit | edit source]
- VOS
- head-initial
Copular particles[edit | edit source]
Translative | fé | became |
---|---|---|
Essive | 'aç' | be |
See Also[edit | edit source]
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