Proto-Ampayrù language
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Proto-Ampayrù | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | /ämpäjr̪ù/ |
Region | Seforma |
Language family |
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![]() Proto-Ampayrù |
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Prenasalized stop | mp | n̪t̪ | ɳʈ | ɲc | ŋk | ||
Plosive | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | |
Trill | r̪ | ||||||
Fricative | ɸ | s̪ | ʂ | ç | x | ħ | |
Prensalized affricate | mp͡ɸ | n̪t̪͡s | ɳʈ͡ʂ | ɲc͡ç | ŋk͡x | ||
Affricate | p͡ɸ | t̪͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | c͡ç | k͡x | ||
Approximant | β̞ | j | |||||
Prenasalized lateral affricate | n̪t̪͡ɬ | ɳʈ͡ɬ̢ | ɲc͡ʎ̥ | ŋk͡ʟ̝̊ | |||
Lateral affricate | t̪͡ɬ | ʈ͡ɬ̢ | c͡ʎ̥ | k͡ʟ̝̊ | |||
Lateral approximant | l̪ |
Prenasalized consonants are existing only between vowels as allophones of tenuis consonants.
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | ɨ | u |
Mid-High | ɘ ɵ | ||
Mid-Low | ɛ | ɔ | |
Low | ä |
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
(C)(G)V(G/ʔ)
- C = any consonant
- G = glide
- V = any vowel
- ʔ = glottal stop
Accent[edit | edit source]
Breathy voiced stress on second syllable. Monosyllabic words don't have stress.
Tones[edit | edit source]
Neutral (a), High (á), Low (à), Rising (ǎ), Falling (â). Tones have distinctive role in lexicon.
Grammar[edit | edit source]
Nouns[edit | edit source]
- split-ergative alignment: ergative-absolutive in past tenses, nominative-accusative in non-pasts.
(1. Subject = Absolutive, Agent = Nominative , Patient = Absolutive, 2. Subject = Nominative, Agent = Nominative, Patient = Accusative)
- indirective ditransitive alignment (Donor = Pegative, Recipient = Dative, Theme = Accusative)
- possessor (preffixes).
Declension[edit | edit source]
Nominative | - | varânkà | jaguar |
---|---|---|---|
Accusative | -sà | varânkàsà | jaguar |
Absolutive | -no | varânkàno | jaguar |
Pegative | -li | varânkàli | jaguar |
Dative | -yǒ | varânkàyǒ | for jaguar |
Genitive | -ṣy | varânkàṣy | of jaguar |
Ablative | -wâ | varânkàwâ | from jaguar |
Locative-Instrumental | -(m)pì | varânkàmpì | by/in jaguar |
Noun class[edit | edit source]
Human | Masculine | -râ | tò'râ | man |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feminine | -(n)tǔ | tòntǔ | woman | |
Non-Human | Strong | -(n)kà | varânkà | jaguar |
Weak | -(n)clí | là'clí | slow water |
Number[edit | edit source]
Singular | - | kǎkanankà | piranha |
---|---|---|---|
Paucal | yè | kǎkanankà-yè | few piranhas |
Plural | má | kǎkanankà-má | piranhas |
Possessors[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | nè-' | my | -ànə | our but not your |
-nènce | our and your | |||
2. | pò- | thy | ònce- | your |
oncèrø̀- | your and their | |||
3. | ǐnə- | him / her / its | érø̀- | their |
Relational nouns[edit | edit source]
[Relational noun + Locative] + [Noun + Genetive case ending]
"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."
ṭə̀h | inside | in |
---|---|---|
ṭə́h | top | on |
'ámpfø̀ | head | above |
hùmpì | bottom | under |
táŋkê | side | beside |
klàmpá | distance | away |
tànclø̂ | centre | between |
kàmpfò | back | behind, after |
pfǎntò | outside | out |
kènkle | wheel | around |
hýpfe | front | before, opposite to |
mǎntə̀ | time | during, in time of |
Verbs[edit | edit source]
- moods expressed by modal verbs.
- subject marked by independent postpositional pronoun.
- pronominal object cliticized to subjective pronoun.
Aspectual system[edit | edit source]
Unintentional | Intentional | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incompletive | - | tèke | to burn (unintentionally) | -fú | tèkefú | to burn (intentionally) |
Completive | -vì | tèkevì | to burned (unintentionally) | -fûv | tèkefûv | to burned (intentionally) |
Tense[edit | edit source]
Two groups of tense, past and non-past, are distinguished by type of morphological alignment:
- past tenses are expressed by ergative-absolutive alignment,
- non-past tenses belong to nominative-accusative alignment.
Remote | adjectival participle + copular verb | to beat long ago | |
---|---|---|---|
Recent | -mŷ- | xàmpymŷ | to beat recently |
Present ~ Habitual | - | xàmpy | to beat |
Conditional | -(m)pfî- | xàmpympfî | would beat |
Voice[edit | edit source]
Direct | Causative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Active | - | tév | to see | -a- | téav | to show |
Reflexive | śì- | śìtév | to see self | śì- + -a- | śìtéav | to show self |
Evidentiality[edit | edit source]
Visual | - | klǒŋe | to speak (and it is visible) |
---|---|---|---|
Non-visual | -(ŋ)klo | klǒŋeŋklo | to speak (and it is non-visible, but known from another source) |
Inferential | -hay | klǒŋehay | to speak (and it is non-visible and unconfirmed, renarrative action) |
Affirmativity[edit | edit source]
Affirmative | - | tlòmpò | to lie, to be situated |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | áy- | áytlòmpò | not to lie |
Interrogative | ô'- | ô'tlòmpò | whether to lie ? |
Non-finite verbs[edit | edit source]
Action noun | -lê | vì'lê | drinking |
---|---|---|---|
Participles | |||
Adjectival | -áśà | vì'áśà | drinking |
Adverbial | -áśû | vì'áśû | drinking |
Adjectives[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Optimative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
- | ŋǒ | pě | ímpě |
fanó | ŋǒ fanó | pě fanó | ímpě fanó |
good | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |
Adverb[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Optimative | Superlative |
---|---|---|---|
ø̀ | ŋǒ ø̀ | pě ø̀ | ímpě ø̀ |
ø̀ fanó | ŋǒ ø̀ fanó | pě ø̀ fanó | ímpě ø̀ fanó |
well | better | best (of a group) | best (of a total) |
Numerals[edit | edit source]
Cardinal numerals[edit | edit source]
1. | kène |
---|---|
2. | ûntlì |
3. | tolosǔ |
4. | ôyónta |
5. | yasónkó |
6. | kèntopě |
7. | tárimě |
8. | malîmpà |
9. | pâvayà |
10. | sùnkây |
11. | sùnkây kène |
12. | sùnkây ûntlì |
20. | ûntlì sùnkây |
21. | ûntlì sùnkây kène |
30 | tolosǔ sùnkây |
100. | sùnklí' |
101. | sùnklí' kène |
120. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây |
121. | sùnklí' ûntlì sùnkây kène |
200. | ûntlì sùnklí' |
1.000. | manǎká sùnklí' |
10.000. | sùnkây manǎká sùnklí' |
Derived numerals[edit | edit source]
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
aò | sân | sâná | alò' | âja | |
1. | aò kène | sân kène | sâná kène | alò' kène | âja kène |
Pronouns[edit | edit source]
Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
Subjectives[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | nè' | I | ànə | we but not you |
nènce | we and you | |||
2. | pò | thou | ònce | you |
oncèrø̀ | you and they | |||
3. | ǐnə | he / she / it | érø̀ | they |
Objectives[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | nènə' | I | ànenə | we but not you |
nèncenə | we and you | |||
2. | pònə | thou | òncenə | you |
oncèrø̀nə | you and they | |||
3. | ǐnènə | he / she / it | érònə | they |
Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Proper | Distant | Indefinite | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | ṭṣí | this | kxé | that | pfǔ | someone / something there |
Place | ṭṣíntònta | here | kxéntònta | there | pfǔntònta | somewhere there |
Source | ṭṣíntòntasě | from here | kxéntòntasě | from there | pfǔntòntasě | from somewhere there |
Purpose direction | ṭṣíntòntasê | to here | kxéntòntasê | to there, so far | pfǔntòntasê | to somewhere there |
Path | ṭṣíŋkêvə | this way | kxéŋkêvə | that way | pfǔŋkêvə | some way |
Time | ṭṣímǎntə̀ | now | kxémǎntə̀ | then | ||
Method | tṣíńcíntla | in this way | kxéńcíntla | in that way | pfǔńcíntla | in some way |
Quantity | ṭṣímpǎ | so much | ||||
Qualify | ṭṣíraŋká | like this here | kxéraŋká | like that | pfǔraŋká | like something there |
Reason | ṭṣíṭṣàrə́ | for this reason | kxéṭṣàrə́ | for that reason | pfǔṭṣàrə́ | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | klý | who ? which ? | nỳklý | someone | sòklý | anyone |
Place | klýntònta | where ? | nỳklýntònta | somewhere | sòklýntònta | anywhere |
Source | klýntòntasě | whence ? | nỳklýntòntasě | from somewhere | sòklýntòntasě | from anywhere |
Purpose direction | klýntòntasê | whither ? | nỳklýntòntasê | to somewhere | sòklýntòntasê | to anywhere |
Path | klýŋkêvə | which way ? | nỳklýŋkêvə | via some way | sòklýŋkêvə | via any way |
Time | klýmǎntə̀ | when ? | nỳklýmǎntə̀ | once | sòklýmǎntə̀ | ever |
Method | klýńcíntla | how ? | nỳklýńcíntla | somehow | sòklýńcíntla | anyhow |
Quantity | klýmpǎ | how much ? | nỳklýmpǎ | somehow much | sòklýmpǎ | anyhow much |
Quality | klýraŋká | which one ? | nỳklýraŋká | some | sòklýraŋká | any |
Reason | klýṭṣàrə́ | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | máklý | nobody, nothing | vámaklý | every | pîsòklý | anyone else |
Place | mántònta | nowhere | vámantònta | everywhere | pîsòntònta | elswhere |
Source | mántòntasě | from nowhere | vámantòntasě | from everywhere | pîsòntòntasě | from elswhere |
Purpose direction | mántòntasê | to nowhere | vámantòntasê | to everywhere | pîsòntòntasê | to elswhere |
Path | máŋkêvə | through no way | vámaŋkêvə | through all ways | pîsòŋkêvə | which way else |
Time | mámǎntə̀ | never | vámamǎntə̀ | always | pîsòmǎntə̀ | when else |
Method | máńcíntla | nohow | vámańcíntla | in all methods | pîsòńcíntla | otherwise |
Quantity | mámpǎ | nothing | pîsòmpǎ | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | máraŋká | neuter, indistinct | vámaraŋká | any | pîsòraŋká | other |
Numeral pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | klýmpǎ | how much ? |
---|---|---|
Indefinite | nỳklýmpǎ | write a number |
Unlimited | sòklýmpǎ | however many |
Negative | mámpǎ | nothing |
Alternative | pîsòmpǎ | otherwise than so many |
Reflexive-reciprocal and cooperative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Reflexive / Reciprocal | sî | oneself / each other |
---|---|---|
Cooperative | jèsî | together cooperatively |
Postpositions[edit | edit source]
Companion, attributive object | là' | with | Instrumental |
---|---|---|---|
Originative direction | sě | from | Genetive |
Destinative direction, purpose, goal | sê | to | Genetive |
Lack | lǎ' | without | Genetive |
Alternative | 'ancla | instead | Genetive |
Contrary | ṭlàlà | against | Dative |
Resistance | tsárahè | despite, though | Dative |
Stylization | tsáŋkarì | along to, according to | Dative |
Benefactive | safâ | for, destined to | Dative |
Essive | yê | as, at character of | Absolutive |
Particles[edit | edit source]
Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | tsa | and |
Conjunctive | tsahì | also |
Disjunctive | tó | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | tô | but |
Consequentive | kêre | so |
Comparative | tóre | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
ŋèlé | to, for | |
mòŋa'ê | althought | |
tòntlê | because | |
kêntò | if | |
sá | that, providing |
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
Restrictive | ø̀ kène | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | ø̀ tlô | yet |
Polarity particles[edit | edit source]
Affirmative | pfà | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | ná | no |
Word formation[edit | edit source]
Compounding[edit | edit source]
Derivation[edit | edit source]
Noun[edit | edit source]
Noun to noun[edit | edit source]
Diminutive | ńíńí | cçájúli → cçájúli ńíńí | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | kampâ | tâmpùrù → tâmpùrù kampâ | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | má | tò'râ → má tò'râ | human → non-human |
Similarity | ká'èṇṭe | tàntà → tàntà ká'èṇṭe | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | tè'òt | súŋkú → súŋkú tè'òt | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -sâsə | màŋky̌ → màŋky̌sâsə | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -áśà | mǔmáŋky → mǔmáŋky'áśà | cow → cowman |
Collective | -tâ | çáŋkalà → çáŋkalàtâ | bird → birds (a a collective) |
Place | -ntòntahì | 'àmpâ → àmpântòntahì | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | 'ø̀ŋkxáj | vǎjpǔ → 'ø̀ŋkxáj vǎjpǔṣy | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | tə̂jmà | sûńcerè → tə̂jmà sûńcerèṣy | herb → herbalism |
Expert | tə̂jmà'áśà | sûńcerè → tə̂jmà'áśà sûńcerèṣy | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective[edit | edit source]
Possessive | -la | tò'râ → tò'râla | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | -sě | táŋàŋka → táŋàŋkasě | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | ká'èṇṭe ...-la | mø̀lø̀ŋka → ká'èṇṭe mø̀lø̀ŋkala | cat → felid |
Feature | -la | śílà → śílàla | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -la | kxè'ûntə → kxè'ûntəla | family → familiar |
Privative | ma-...-la | kòntla → kòntlala | tooth → toothless |
Verb[edit | edit source]
Verb to noun[edit | edit source]
Agentive | -áśà | 'àts- → 'àtsáśà | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee | -áśà-sî | têŋk- → têŋkáśàsî | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -jə̂ | tàmpø- → tàmpøjə̂ | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance | -jáj' | klǒŋe- → klǒŋejáj | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -tète | xàmp- → xàmptète | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -ntòntahì | tumu- → tumuntòntahì | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |
Verb to verb[edit | edit source]
Adjective[edit | edit source]
Adjective to noun[edit | edit source]
Abstract | -sâsə | sùmpfù → sùmpfùsâsə | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective[edit | edit source]
Tendency | -jǎla | çémě → çémějǎla | good → bland |
---|---|---|---|
Intensification | -sùmpfù-la | pâṇṭá → pâṇṭásùmpfùla | big → very big |
Excess | -vâhø-la | ńíńí → ńíńívâhøla | small → too small |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Word order[edit | edit source]
- SOV
- head-initial
Modal verbs[edit | edit source]
Energetic | vèṇṭṣá | to be sure of |
---|---|---|
Conditional | kóvla | would be |
Potentional | ṇâṇ | to may |
Eventive | ṇóŋkə̀ | would may |
Jussive | ṣèŋkxà | to should |
Precative | palí | to please, to request |
Necessitative | kxàŋà | to must |
Permissive | tóntsô | to allow |
Desiderative | jø̀ńcçé | to want |
Copular verbs[edit | edit source]
Translative | tsáts | became |
---|---|---|
Essive | tlò | be |
See Also[edit | edit source]
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