Proto-Nnadū |
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Pronunciation |
/nnədɨː/ |
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Region |
Seforma |
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Language family |
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 |
Agglutinative with inflectional and isolative features.
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Bilabial
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Alveolar
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Palatal
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Bilabialized palatal
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Velar
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Bilabialized velar
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Nasal
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m
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n
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ɲ
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ŋ
|
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Tenuis plosive
|
p
|
t
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c
|
cᵝ
|
k
|
kᵝ
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Ejective plosive
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pʼ
|
tʼ
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cʼ
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cʼᵝ
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kʼ
|
kʼᵝ
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Voiced plosive
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b
|
d
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ɟ
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ɟᵝ
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g
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gᵝ
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Implosive
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ɓ
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ɗ
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ʄ
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ʄᵝ
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ɠ
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ɠᵝ
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Fricative
|
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s
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|
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x
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xᵝ
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Ejective fricative
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sʼ
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|
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Lateral approximant
|
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l
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ʎ
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ʟ
|
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Approximant
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β̞
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j
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|
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[p t c cᵝ k kᵝ] /p t c cw k kw/
[pʼ tʼ cʼ cʼᵝ kʼ] kʼᵝ /p̕ t̕ c̕ cw̕ k̕ kw̕/
[b d ɟ ɟᵝ g gᵝ] /b d ġ ġw g gw/
[ɓ ɗ ʄ ʄᵝ ɠ ɠᵝ] /b̕ d̕ ġ̕ ġw̕ g̕ gw̕/
[s sʼ x xᵝ] /s s̕ h hw/
[m n ɲ ŋ] /m n ṇ ŋ/
[l ʎ ʟ] /l ḷ ł/
[j β̝] /j w/
a - tenuis short vowel
ã - nasalized short vowel
a̤ - breathy short vowel
aː - long vowel
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Front
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Central
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Back
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Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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Close
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iː ĩː i̤ː
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ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː
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uː ũː ṳː
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Near-close
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|
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ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈
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ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤
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Close-mid
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e ẽ e̤
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Mid
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ə ə̃ ə̤
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|
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Open
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aː ãː a̤ː
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[iː ĩː i̤ː] /ii įį ịị/
[ɨː ɨ̃ː ɨ̤ː] /uu ųų ụụ/
[uː ũː ṳː] /oo ǫǫ ọọ/
[ɪ̈ ɪ̃̈ ɪ̤̈] /u ų ụ/
[ʊ ʊ̃ ʊ̤] /o ǫ ọ/
[e ẽ e̤] /i į ị/
[ə ə̃ ə̤] /a ą ạ/
[aː ãː a̤ː] /aa ąą ạạ/
(C)(C)V(R)(C)
Grammaticalized tonal pitch accent. Three stress-tones: rising (I), falling (II), rising-falling (III).
- I - noun/verb stress (á : aá)
- II - adjectival/participial stress (à : aà)
- III - adverbial stress (â : aâ)
- Nouns, nominal adjectives, non-deverbal adverbs - first syllable stress
- Verbs, participles (with deverbal adverbs) - last syllable stress
- tripartite and three-way patient alignment
- possessor (preffixal).
Morphemic order:
[Definiteness] + [Case + Possessor + Root + Root extension + (Gender + Number) + Tense]
|
Human
|
Non-Human
|
Singular
|
-ǫh
|
gwụłǫh
|
man
|
-
|
kųųł
|
wolf
|
Dual
|
-ǫsa
|
gwụłǫsa
|
two men
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-ii
|
kųųłii
|
two wolves
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Plural
|
-
|
gwụł
|
men
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-ii
|
kųųłii
|
wolves
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Intransitive
|
subject of intransitive clauses
|
-
|
kųųł
|
wolf
|
Ergative
|
agent of transitive or donor of ditransitive clauses
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nį-
|
nįkųųł
|
Accusative
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object of transitive clauses
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lạ-
|
lạkųųł
|
Causal
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agent of causative clauses
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sǫ-
|
sǫkųųł
|
by wolf, because of wolf
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Instrumental
|
instrument, tool, accompaniament or theme of ditransitive clauses
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hwaa-
|
hwaakųųł
|
with wolf
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Dative
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goal, location or recipient of ditransitive clauses
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mu-
|
mukųųł
|
to / for wolf
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Neutral
|
-
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ġwąąḷǫh
|
woman
|
Indefinite
|
ạm
|
ạm ġwąąḷǫh
|
a woman
|
Definite proper
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ąs
|
ąs ġwąąḷǫh
|
the woman
|
Definite distant
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ooł
|
ooł ġwąąḷǫh
|
yonder woman
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Tense is obligatory marked on subject or object of sentence (depending on subject marking).
Non-past
|
-
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b̕ịịnǫh
|
male man
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Past
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-o
|
b̕ịịnǫho
|
male man (in past action or situation)
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|
Human
|
Non-Human
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Singular
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Dual
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Plural
|
Singular
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Dual
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Plural
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1.
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-ąąh (← aanǫh)
|
my
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-ǫǫsa (← aanǫsa)
|
of both us
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-aan (← aan)
|
of all us
|
-
|
2.
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-ǫkw̕ (← kw̕ǫǫh)
|
thy
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-kw̕ǫǫs (← kw̕ǫǫsa)
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of you both
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-ǫkw̕ (← kw̕ǫ)
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of you all
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-ǫcw̕ (← cw̕ǫ)
|
thy
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-ǫcw̕įį (← cw̕ǫii)
|
of you both
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-ǫcw̕įį (← cw̕ǫii)
|
of you all
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3.
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-tǫǫh (← tạạǫh)
|
his / her
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-tǫǫs (← tạạǫsa)
|
of they both
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-tạạ (← tạạ)
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of they all
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-sạạ (← sạạ)
|
it
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-sịị (← sạạii)
|
of they both
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-sịị (← sạạii)
|
of they all
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- pronominal persons before verb.
- subjective persons cliticized to objectives.
Morphemic order:
[Object + Subject] + [Evidentiality] + [Polarity + Mood + Root + Root extension + Voice + Aspect + (Gender + Number)]
Imperfective
|
-
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p̕ǫǫkọ-
|
to speak
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Iterative
|
-waaw-
|
p̕ǫǫkọwaaw-
|
to speak many times
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Perfective
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-ạd-
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p̕ǫǫkọạd-
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to say
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Active
|
-
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paat̕-
|
to see
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Passive
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-il-
|
paat̕il-
|
to be seen
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Medial
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-ųs̕-
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paat̕ųs̕-
|
to see self
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Indicative
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-
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d̕ii-
|
to go
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Conditional
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-ną
|
d̕iiną
|
... would go
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Jussive
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-lạạ
|
d̕iilạạ
|
... should go
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Affirmative
|
-
|
k̕ụụ-
|
to stand
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Negative
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ą-
|
ąk̕ụụ-
|
don't to stand
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Visual
|
-
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p̕aap-
|
to beat (and it is visible)
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Non-visual
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nịŋ
|
nịŋ p̕aap-
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to beat (and it is not seen, but known from other source)
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Reported
|
łọọ
|
łọọ p̕aap-
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to beat (and it is non-confirmed information from another hand)
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Assumed
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hạj
|
hạj pʼaap-
|
to beat (and it is deducted from a traces)
|
|
Human
|
Non-Human
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Singular
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-ǫh
|
k̕uŋǫh
|
to make (by human)
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-
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k̕uŋ
|
to make (by something other)
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Dual
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-ǫsa
|
k̕uŋǫsa
|
to make (by two humans)
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-ii
|
k̕uŋii
|
to make (by two non-humans)
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Plural
|
-
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k̕uŋ
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to make (by a humans)
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-ii
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k̕uŋii
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to make (by more than two non-humans)
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Action noun
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-nuu
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paat̕nuu
|
vision, seeing
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Participles
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Adjectival
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pa
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pa paàt̕
|
seeing
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Adverbial
|
pa paât
|
seeing
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Positive
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Comparative
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Superlative
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-
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pąą
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stạạ
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tkw̕ạ̀
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tkw̕ạ̀ pąą
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tkw̕ạ̀ stạạ
|
good
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better
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best
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Positive
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Comparative
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Superlative
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-
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pąą
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stạạ
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tkw̕ậ hụ
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tkw̕ậ hụ pąą
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tkw̕ậ hụ stạạ
|
well
|
better
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best
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1.
|
ǫtạạ
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2.
|
tkųųs
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3.
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p̕k̕ụụḷi
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4.
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kłaasọ
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5.
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s̕oŋkoo
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6.
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s̕oŋkoo ǫtạạ
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7.
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s̕oŋkoo tkųųs
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8.
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s̕oŋkoo p̕k̕ụụḷi
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9.
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s̕oŋkoo kłaasọ
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10.
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b̕isaal
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11.
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b̕isaal ǫtạạ
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12.
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b̕isaal tkųųs
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15.
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p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo
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20.
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tkųųs b̕isaal
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21.
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tkųųs b̕isaal ǫtạạ
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30.
|
tkųųs p̕k̕ụụḷi s̕oŋkoo / p̕k̕ụụḷi b̕isaal
|
100.
|
b̕isaal b̕isaal
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Ordinal
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Multiplicative
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Reproductive
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Distributive
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Fractional
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-jo
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-s̕iim
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-muuł
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-ṇaaŋ
|
-tlįk
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1.
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ǫtạạjo
|
ǫtạạs̕iim
|
ǫtạạmuuł
|
ǫtạạṇaaŋ
|
ǫtạạtlįk
|
2.
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tkųųsjo
|
tkųųss̕iim
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tkųųsmuuł
|
tkųųsṇaaŋ
|
tkųųstlįk
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3.
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p̕k̕ụụḷijo
|
p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim
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p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł
|
p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ
|
p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk
|
4.
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kłaasọjo
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kłaasọs̕iim
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kłaasọmuuł
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kłaasọṇaaŋ
|
kłaasọtlįk
|
5.
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s̕oŋkoojo
|
s̕oŋkoos̕iim
|
s̕oŋkoomuuł
|
s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ
|
s̕oŋkootlįk
|
6.
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s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạjo
|
s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạs̕iim
|
s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạmuuł
|
s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạṇaaŋ
|
s̕oŋkoo-ǫtạạtlįk
|
7.
|
s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsjo
|
s̕oŋkoo-tkųųss̕iim
|
s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsmuuł
|
s̕oŋkoo-tkųųsṇaaŋ
|
s̕oŋkoo-tkųųstlįk
|
8.
|
s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷijo
|
s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷis̕iim
|
s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷimuuł
|
s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷiṇaaŋ
|
s̕oŋkoo-p̕k̕ụụḷitlįk
|
9.
|
s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọjo
|
s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọs̕iim
|
s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọmuuł
|
s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọṇaaŋ
|
s̕oŋkoo-kłaasọtlįk
|
10.
|
b̕isaaljo
|
b̕isaals̕iim
|
b̕isaalmuuł
|
b̕isaalṇaaŋ
|
b̕isaaltlįk
|
11.
|
b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo
|
b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim
|
b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł
|
b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ
|
b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk
|
11.
|
b̕isaal-tkųųsjo
|
b̕isaal-tkųųss̕iim
|
b̕isaal-tkųųsmuuł
|
b̕isaal-tkųųsṇaaŋ
|
b̕isaal-tkųųstlįk
|
15.
|
p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo
|
p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim
|
p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł
|
p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ
|
p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk
|
20.
|
tkųųs-b̕isaaljo
|
tkųųs-b̕isaals̕iim
|
tkųųs-b̕isaalmuuł
|
tkųųs-b̕isaalṇaaŋ
|
tkųųs-b̕isaaltlįk
|
21.
|
tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạjo
|
tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạs̕iim
|
tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạmuuł
|
tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạṇaaŋ
|
tkųųs-b̕isaal-ǫtạạtlįk
|
30.
|
tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoojo
|
tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoos̕iim
|
tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkoomuuł
|
tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkooṇaaŋ
|
tkųųs-p̕k̕ụụḷi-s̕oŋkootlįk
|
100.
|
b̕isaal-b̕isaaljo
|
b̕isaal-b̕isaals̕iim
|
b̕isaal-b̕isaalmuuł
|
b̕isaal-b̕isaalṇaaŋ
|
b̕isaal-b̕isaaltlįk
|
- tense marker
- gender stems with number cliticization.
Objective personal pronouns are pre-cliticized to subjectives.
Objectives of the 1.-2. persons have their own stems.
|
Human
|
Non-Human
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
1.
|
lǫh
|
me
|
lǫǫs
|
us both
|
la
|
us all
|
-
|
2.
|
jǫh
|
thee
|
jǫǫs
|
two
|
ja
|
we all
|
hwǫh
|
thou
|
hwǫǫs
|
we two
|
hwa
|
we all
|
3.
|
tạǫǫh
|
he / she
|
tạǫǫs
|
they two
|
tạ
|
they all
|
sạ
|
it
|
sạii
|
they two
|
sạii
|
they all
|
|
Human
|
Non-Human
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Dual
|
Plural
|
1.
|
aanǫh
|
I
|
aanǫsa
|
we two
|
aan
|
we all
|
-
|
2.
|
kw̕ǫǫh
|
thou
|
kw̕ǫǫsa
|
you both
|
kw̕ǫ
|
you all
|
cw̕ǫ
|
thou
|
cw̕ǫii
|
you both
|
cw̕ǫii
|
you all
|
3.
|
tạạǫh
|
he / she
|
tạạǫsa
|
they two
|
tạạ
|
they all
|
sạạ
|
it
|
sạạii
|
they two
|
sạạii
|
they all
|
|
Definite proper
|
Definite distant
|
Indefinite
|
Person
|
ąs
|
this
|
ooł
|
that
|
ạm
|
someone
|
Non-Human
|
ąs
|
this
|
ooł
|
that
|
ạm
|
something
|
Place
|
ąspaad̕
|
here
|
oołpaad̕
|
there
|
ạmpaad̕
|
somewhere
|
Source
|
hụnąspaad̕
|
from here
|
hụnoołpaad̕
|
from there
|
hụnạmpaad̕
|
from somewhere
|
Purpose direction
|
koąspaad̕
|
to here
|
koołpaad̕
|
to there, so far
|
koạmpaad̕
|
to somewhere
|
Path
|
ąsg̕uła
|
this way
|
oołg̕uła
|
that way
|
ạmg̕uła
|
some way
|
Time
|
ąscạạł
|
now
|
oołcạạł
|
then
|
Method
|
ąsḷịị
|
in this way
|
oołḷịị
|
in that way
|
ạmḷịị
|
in some way
|
Quantity
|
ąsg̕łaa
|
so much
|
Qualify
|
ḷiiąs
|
like this here
|
ḷiiooł
|
like that
|
ḷiiạm
|
like something
|
Reason
|
ąspạạ
|
for this reason
|
oołpạạ
|
for that reason
|
ạmpạạ
|
for some reason
|
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
Indefinite
|
Unlimited
|
Person
|
tii
|
who ? which ?
|
tiiha
|
someone
|
tiisa
|
anyone
|
Non-Human
|
pạạ
|
what ? which ?
|
pạạha
|
something
|
pạạsa
|
anything
|
Place
|
magwi
|
where ?
|
magwiha
|
somewhere
|
magwisa
|
anywhere
|
Source
|
hụnmagwi
|
whence ?
|
hụnmagwiha
|
from somewhere
|
hụnmagwisa
|
from anywhere
|
Purpose direction
|
komagwi
|
whither ?
|
komagwiha
|
to somewhere
|
komagwisa
|
to anywhere
|
Path
|
ḷịg̕uła
|
which way ?
|
ḷịg̕ułaha
|
via some way
|
ḷịg̕ułasa
|
via any way
|
Time
|
ḷịcạạł
|
when ?
|
ḷịcạạłha
|
once
|
ḷịcạạłsa
|
ever
|
Method
|
ḷịị
|
how ?
|
ḷịịha
|
somehow
|
ḷịịsa
|
anyhow
|
Quantity
|
ḷịg̕łaa
|
how much ?
|
ḷịg̕łaaha
|
somehow much
|
ḷịg̕łaasa
|
anyhow much
|
Qualify
|
ḷịtii
|
which one ?
|
kaa
|
some
|
kwąą
|
any
|
Reason
|
kopạạ
|
why ?
|
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]
|
Negative
|
Universal
|
Alternative
|
Person
|
ątii
|
nobody
|
maatii
|
every
|
hwịtiisa
|
anyone else
|
Non-Human
|
ąpạạ
|
nothing
|
maapạạ
|
every, all
|
hwịpạạsa
|
anything else
|
Place
|
ąmagwi
|
nowhere
|
maamagwi
|
everywhere
|
hwịmagwisa
|
elswhere
|
Source
|
hụnąmagwi
|
from nowhere
|
hụnmaamagwi
|
from everywhere
|
hụnmagwisa
|
from elswhere
|
Purpose direction
|
koąmagwi
|
to nowhere
|
komaamagwi
|
to everywhere
|
komagwisa
|
to elswhere
|
Path
|
ąg̕uła
|
through no way
|
maag̕uła
|
through all ways
|
g̕ułasa
|
which way else
|
Time
|
ącạạł
|
never
|
maacạạł
|
always
|
cạạłsa
|
when else
|
Method
|
ąị
|
nohow
|
maaị
|
in all methods
|
ịsa
|
otherwise
|
Quantity
|
ąg̕łaa
|
nothing
|
maag̕łaa
|
otherwise than so many
|
Quality
|
ąsụk̕
|
neuter, indistinct
|
maasụk̕
|
any
|
sụk̕sa
|
other
|
Interrogative / Relative
|
ḷịg̕łaa
|
how much ?
|
Indefinite
|
ḷịg̕łaaha
|
write a number
|
Unlimited
|
ḷịg̕łaasa
|
however many
|
Negative
|
ąg̕łaa
|
nothing
|
Alternative
|
maag̕łaa
|
otherwise than so many
|
Reflexive, reciprocal and cooperative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Reflexive
|
cų
|
oneself
|
Reciprocal
|
tkųųc (← tkųųs-cu)
|
each other
|
Cooperative
|
cilt̕ạ (← cil-t̕ạ)
|
together cooperatively
|
Spatials, ablatival and allatival directionals[edit | edit source]
ạs̕
|
in, inside
|
Instrumental
|
from inside
|
Accusative
|
to inside
|
Dative
|
|
ṇį
|
on
|
Instrumental
|
from on
|
Accusative
|
to on
|
Dative
|
|
t̕aab
|
above
|
Instrumental
|
from above
|
Accusative
|
to above
|
Dative
|
|
d̕ọọm
|
under
|
Instrumental
|
from under
|
Accusative
|
to under
|
Dative
|
|
kịṇ
|
beside
|
Instrumental
|
from beside
|
Accusative
|
to beside
|
Dative
|
|
gwǫǫk̕
|
away
|
Instrumental
|
from away
|
Accusative
|
to away
|
Dative
|
|
ạs̕tkųųs
|
between
|
Instrumental
|
from between
|
Accusative
|
to between
|
Dative
|
|
htaa
|
behind
|
Instrumental
|
from behind
|
Accusative
|
to behind
|
Dative
|
|
wạạ
|
out
|
Instrumental
|
from out
|
Accusative
|
to out
|
Dative
|
|
hwąąk
|
around
|
Instrumental
|
from around
|
Accusative
|
to around
|
Dative
|
|
psaaw
|
before, opposite to
|
Instrumental
|
from before, from opposite to
|
Accusative
|
to before, to opposite to
|
Dative
|
|
ạs̕cạạł
|
during, in time of
|
Instrumental
|
from time of
|
Accusative
|
to time of
|
Dative
|
|
ġwi
|
after
|
Instrumental
|
from after
|
Accusative
|
to after
|
Dative
|
Companion, attributive object
|
cil
|
with
|
Instrumental
|
Origin
|
hụn
|
from
|
Accusative
|
Lack
|
uus
|
without
|
Accusative
|
Alternative
|
ạspaad̕
|
instead
|
Accusative
|
Contrary
|
ạspsaaw
|
against
|
Dative
|
Resistance
|
ałą
|
despite, though
|
Accusative
|
Stylization
|
ṇįġ̕is̕
|
along to, according to
|
Dative
|
Paratactical conjunctions
|
Copulative
|
t̕ạ
|
and
|
Conjunctive
|
hụt̕
|
also
|
Disjunctive
|
jạ
|
or
|
Contrastive, exceptional
|
ḷǫǫ
|
but
|
Consequentive
|
ŋọọ
|
so
|
Comparative
|
łuuŋ
|
than
|
|
Hypotactical conjunctions
|
kwį
|
to, for
|
głoo
|
althought
|
ŋkiin
|
because
|
p̕ịị
|
if
|
knah
|
that, providing
|
Restrictive
|
hwǫt
|
only
|
Additive
|
ạhcị
|
yet
|
Affirmative
|
bạ
|
yes
|
Negative
|
ąą
|
no
|
Diminutive
|
-ṇii
|
dlạạhwįǫh → dlạạhwįṇiiǫh
|
daughter → little daughter
|
Augmentative
|
-b̕ạạ
|
waaguu → waaguub̕ạạ
|
mountain → grand mountain
|
Contradiction
|
ą-
|
gwụłǫh → ągwụłǫh
|
human → non-human
|
Similarity
|
nsup̕-
|
buŋką → nsupbuŋką
|
tree → pseudo-tree
|
Half
|
t̕ạạl-
|
sk̕ųųla → t̕ạạlsk̕ųųla
|
dog → half-dog
|
Relational abstract
|
-łoos̕
|
bạạc̕ǫh → bạạc̕łoos̕
|
brother → brotherhood
|
Related person
|
-įk
|
gʷọọma → gʷọọmaįk
|
cow → cowman
|
Collective
|
-ạt
|
p̕ạp̕įk → p̕ạp̕įkạt
|
bird → birds (a a collective)
|
Place
|
-mooḷ
|
t̕uk̕ → t̕uk̕mooḷ
|
fire → campfire
|
Art / Craft
|
-hmaada
|
koomb̕ṇi → koombṇihmaada
|
war → craft of war
|
Knowledge
|
-jọọġ
|
cḷąąh → cḷąąhjọọġ
|
herb → herbalism
|
Expert
|
-jọọġįk
|
cḷąąhjọọġ → cḷąąhjọọġįk
|
herbalism → herbalist
|
Possessive
|
-tiiŋ
|
gwụłǫh → gwụłtiiŋǫh
|
man → human
|
Originative
|
-hụn
|
ŋgwoom → ŋgwoomhụn
|
sky → celestial
|
Similaritive
|
-taat
|
hpooj → hpoojtaat
|
cat → felid
|
Feature
|
-maaṇ
|
ḷiic → ḷiicmaaṇ
|
hair → hairy
|
Affiliative
|
-jon
|
mnịịgw̕ǫh → mnịịgw̕jonǫh
|
family → familiar
|
Privative
|
ą-...-tiiŋ
|
g̕iṇc → ąg̕iṇctiiŋ
|
tooth → toothless
|
Agentive
|
-ąk
|
sooh- → soohąk
|
(to) shoot → shooter
|
Experiencer, adressee
|
-nuu
|
d̕jaał-- → d̕jaałnuu
|
(to) teach → learner
|
Result
|
-saah
|
kad̕-- → kad̕saah
|
(to) fall → (a) fall
|
Instance
|
-ṇi
|
p̕ǫǫkọ- → p̕ǫǫkọṇi
|
(to) speak → speech
|
Instrument
|
-k̕oḷ
|
p̕aap- → p̕aapk̕oḷ
|
(to) beat → whip
|
Place
|
-mooḷ
|
dag- → dagmooḷ
|
(to) kill → slaughterhouse
|
Abstract
|
-jaas
|
bọọŋ → bọọŋjaas
|
strong → strength
|
Tendency
|
-liis
|
tkw̕â → tkwâliis
|
good → bland
|
Intensification
|
-skaa
|
mbaâs → mbaâsskaa
|
big → very big
|
Excess
|
-pi
|
cwį̂t → cwį̂tpi
|
small → too small
|
- OSV (Object - Subject - Verb)
Translative
|
nukoh
|
became
|
Essive
|
nu
|
be
|
Excessive
|
nugạt̕
|
cease to be
|