Proto-Kinnərə language
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Proto-Kinnərə | |
---|---|
Region | Omoserica |
Language family |
|
300px Proto-Kinnərə |
Phonology[edit | edit source]
Consonants[edit | edit source]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Tenuis plosive | p~ɸ | t~ɾ̻ | k~x | ʔ~h | |
Voiced plosive | b~β̞ | d~ɾ | g~ɰ | ||
Fricative | s | ||||
Trill | r | ||||
Approximant | l | j |
Spelling[edit | edit source]
p~ɸ t~ɾ̻ k~x ʔ~h /p~f t~ṭ k~x '~h/
b~β̝ d~ɾ g~ɰ /b~v d~ḍ g~ḥ/
s /s/
m n ŋ /m n ŋ/
l r /l r/
j /j/
Deplosivization[edit | edit source]
Plosives are deplosivized to non-plosive counterparts in positions between vowels and before another plosive consonant.
Vowels[edit | edit source]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Open | a |
i u /i u/
e ə o /e ə o/
ä /a/
Vocalic harmony (Low vs High)[edit | edit source]
High | i ə u |
---|---|
Low | e a o |
Phonotactics[edit | edit source]
(C)V(R/F)(C)
C = any consonant
V = any vowel
R = any resonantal consonant
F = any fricative
Accent[edit | edit source]
Acute accent on first syllable.
Grammar[edit | edit source]
Nouns[edit | edit source]
- indirective ditransitive alignment
- no case and gender
- relational nouns
- possessors (preffixal)
- tense markers (suffixal): shows position of an objects in time
- definiteness: definite and indefinite clitics
[Possessor + Number + Root + Root extension + Definiteness + Tense] + [Relational noun's construction]
Number[edit | edit source]
Singular | - | kujlə | wolf |
---|---|---|---|
Plural | sa- | saxojla | wolves |
Tense[edit | edit source]
Present | - | loḍja | word |
---|---|---|---|
Past | -ta / -tə | loḍjata | former word |
Future | -ne / -ni | loḍjane | future word |
Definiteness[edit | edit source]
Neutral / Gnomic | - | bolga | camel |
---|---|---|---|
Definite | -ḍi / -ḍe | bolgaḍe | the camel |
Indefinite | -mu / -mo | bolgamo | a camel |
Possessor[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | li- | I | ni- | we all, but not you | ||
pi- | we all, together with you | |||||
2. | sə- | Thou | tol- | You all | ||
3. | ka- | He / she / it | 'ahl- | They all | ||
4. | 'eŋ- | Someone / something |
Relational nouns[edit | edit source]
Noun + [Possessor + Relational noun]
Burxdi kafaṭaḍe pelte pusujim.
"The dog is sleeping on top of the mat."
Spatials[edit | edit source]
'els | inside | in |
---|---|---|
paṭa | top | on |
talba | head | above |
tote | foot | under |
'afo | side | beside |
galam | distance | away |
maṭpa | centre | between |
kaḍa | back | behind, after |
'əsrə | outside | out |
puluxu | wheel | around |
kəvri | front | before, opposite to |
naxat | time | during, in time of |
Other relationals[edit | edit source]
Companion, attributive object | keme | with |
---|---|---|
Originative direction | 'atla | from |
Destinative direction, purpose, goal | tala' | to |
Lack | lokem | without |
Alternative | 'ampere | instead |
Contrary | surə | against |
Resistance | 'ofet | despite, though |
Stylization | najdo | along to, according to |
Benefactive | kuxo | for, destined to |
Essive | 'aja | as, at character of |
Verbs[edit | edit source]
- polypersonal agreement (preffixal): subjective and objective
- persons with clusivity in first, second and third person + obviative
- intransitivity suffixed
- three tenses (preffixal): present, past, future
- three aspects (suffixal): durative, frequentative, momentane
- two moods (cliticized): realis, irrealis
- causative by auxiliary verb
[Subject + Object + Tense + Root + Root extension + Transitivity + Aspect + Mood]
Tense[edit | edit source]
Present | - | -taxe | to work |
---|---|---|---|
Past | di- | -ditaxe | to work (in past) |
Future | ne- | -netaxe | to work (in future) |
Aspect[edit | edit source]
Durative | - | taḥla | to speak |
---|---|---|---|
Frequentative | -ri / -re | taḥlare | to speak often |
Momentane | -at / -ət / -t | taḥlat | quickly to say |
Perfective | -es / -is / -s | taḥlas | to say |
Transitivity[edit | edit source]
Transitive | - | tem | to see (in transitive clause) |
---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | -an- / -ən- / -n- | teman | to see (in intransitive clause) |
Moods[edit | edit source]
Realis | - | ak | to go |
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis | -ad / -əd / -d | axad | ... would go |
Person[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | li- | liṭim | I am seeing | ni- | niṭim | we all are seeing, but not you |
pi- | piṭim | we all are seeing, together with you | ||||
2. | sə- | səṭim | Thou art seeing | to- | toṭem | You all are seeing |
3. | ka- | kaṭem | He / she / it is seeing | 'ah- | ahoṭem | They all are seeing |
4. | 'eŋ- | 'eŋtem | Someone / something is seeing |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | -li- | -liṭim | I am seeing | -ni- | -niṭim | we all are seeing, but not you |
-fi- | -fiṭim | we all are seeing, together with you | ||||
2. | -sə- | -səṭim | Thou art seeing | -ṭo- | -ṭoṭem | You all are seeing |
3. | -xa- | -xaṭem | He / she / it is seeing | -hah- | -hahṭem | They all are seeing |
4. | -heŋ- | -heŋtem | Someone / something is seeing |
Non-finite verbal forms[edit | edit source]
Action noun | -ja / -jə | bavja | living |
---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | -ko / -ku | bavko' | to live |
Participle | -jem / -jim | bavjem | living |
Adjective / Adverb[edit | edit source]
Degrees of comparison[edit | edit source]
Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
---|---|---|
- | -ses / -sis | -tat / -tət |
jev | jevses | jevtat |
good | better | best |
Numerals[edit | edit source]
Cardinal numerals[edit | edit source]
1. | 'aṭan |
---|---|
2. | sixik |
3. | tamek |
4. | tamek 'aṭan |
5. | tamek sixik |
Derived numerals[edit | edit source]
Ordinal | Multiplicative | Reproductive | Distributive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
'a | kal'a | pəṭ'ə | taha | |
1. | 'a 'aṭan | kal'a 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə 'aṭan | taha 'aṭan |
2. | 'a sixik | kal'a sixik | pəṭ'ə sixik | taha sixik |
3. | 'a tamek | kal'a tamek | pəṭ'ə tamek | taha tamek |
4. | 'a tamek 'aṭan | kal'a tamek 'aṭan | pəṭ'ə tamek 'aṭan | taha tamek 'aṭan |
5. | 'a tamek sixik | kal'a tamek sixik | pəṭ'ə tamek sixik | taha tamek sixik |
Pronouns[edit | edit source]
- clusivity
- age hierarchy: young, average, older.
Personal pronouns[edit | edit source]
Young age[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lixi | I | nixi | we, but not you | ||
pixi | we, together with you | |||||
2. | səxi | Thou | toxi | You all | ||
3. | kaxi | He / she / it | 'ahki | They all | ||
4. | 'eŋki | Someone / something |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lilki | me | nilki | us all, but not you | ||
filki | us all, together with you | |||||
2. | səlki | Thee | tolke | You all | ||
3. | kalke | He / she / it | 'alehke | Them all | ||
4. | 'eŋelke | Someone / something |
Average[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | li | I | ni | we all, but not you | ||
pi | we all, together with you | |||||
2. | sə | Thou | tol | You all | ||
3. | ka | He / she / it | 'ahl | They all | ||
4. | 'eŋ | Someone / something |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lil | I | nil | us all, but not you | ||
fil | us all, together with you | |||||
2. | səl | Thee | tol | You all | ||
3. | kal | Him / her / its | 'ahl | Them all | ||
4. | 'eŋel | Someone / something |
Older[edit | edit source]
Subjective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lisəp | I | nisəp | we all, but not you | ||
pisəp | we all, together with you | |||||
2. | səsəp | Thou | tosap | You all | ||
3. | kasap | He / she / it | 'ahsap | They all | ||
4. | 'eŋsap | Someone / something |
Objective[edit | edit source]
Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | lilsəp | me | nilsəp | us all, but not you | ||
filsəp | us all, together with you | |||||
2. | səlsəp | Thee | tolsap | You all | ||
3. | kalsap | Him / her / its | 'ahelsap | Them all | ||
4. | heŋelsap | Someone / something |
Demonstrative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Definite | Indefinite | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | di | this | mu | someone / something |
Place | 'aḍe | here | maṭamo | somewhere |
Path | tahaḍe | this way | tahamo | some way |
Time | naxatḍe | now | naxatmo | then |
Method | 'eseḍe | in this way | 'esemo | in some way |
Quantity | nafḍe | so much | ||
Qualify | saḍoḍe | like this | saḍome | like something |
Reason | kafraḍe | for this reason | kaframo | for some reason |
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and unlimited pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | Indefinite | Unlimited | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | pə | who ? which ? | pəfə | someone | pərəsu | anyone |
Place | pəha | where ? | pəhəfə | somewhere | pəhərəsu | anywhere |
Path | pəṭəhə | which way ? | pəṭəhəfə | via some way | pəṭəhərəsu | via any way |
Time | pənəxət | when ? | pənəxəṭfə | once | pənəxərəsu | ever |
Method | pəhisi | how ? | pəhisifə | somehow | pəhisirəsu | anyhow |
Quantity | pənəf | how much ? | pənəffə | somehow much | pənəfrəsu | anyhow much |
Quality | pəsəḍu | which one ? | pəsəḍufə | some | pəsəḍurəsu | any |
Reason | pəxəfrə | why ? |
Negative, universal and alternative pronouns[edit | edit source]
Negative | Universal | Alternative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person / Object | lofa | nobody, nothing | sarafa | every | pənuxi | anyone else |
Place | loha | nowhere | saraha | everywhere | 'anoxe | elswhere |
Path | loṭəhə | through no way | saraṭəhə | through all ways | tahanoxe | which way else |
Time | lonaxat | never | saranaxat | always | naxaṭnoxe | when else |
Method | lohese | nohow | sarahese | in all methods | 'isinuxi | otherwise |
Quantity | lonap | nothing | saranap | otherwise than so many | ||
Quality | losaḍo | neuter, indistinct | sarasaḍo | any | saḍonap | other |
Numeral pronouns[edit | edit source]
Interrogative / Relative | pənəf | how much ? |
---|---|---|
Indefinite | nafḍe | write a number |
Unlimited | pənəfrəsu | however many |
Negative | lonap | nothing |
Alternative | saranap | otherwise than so many |
Reflexive-reciprocal pronoun[edit | edit source]
Reflexive / Reciprocal | nun | oneself / each other |
---|
Particles[edit | edit source]
Conjunctions[edit | edit source]
Paratactical conjunctions | ||
---|---|---|
Copulative | 'i | and |
Conjunctive | 'ihi | also |
Disjunctive | bəs | or |
Contrastive, exceptional | 'ahe | but |
Consequentive | jahe | so |
Comparative | 'ohe | than |
Hypotactical conjunctions | ||
koxese | to, for | |
'ofet | althought | |
tiṭi | because | |
ja'o | if | |
'erep | that, providing |
Modifiers[edit | edit source]
Restrictive | 'aṭat | only |
---|---|---|
Additive | 'aṭe'a | yet |
Polarity particles[edit | edit source]
Affirmative | 'at | yes |
---|---|---|
Negative | lo | no |
Word formation[edit | edit source]
Compounding[edit | edit source]
Derivation[edit | edit source]
Noun[edit | edit source]
Noun to noun[edit | edit source]
Diminutive | -ki / -ke | tahoje → tahojeke | daughter → little daughter |
---|---|---|---|
Augmentative | -ram / -rəm | baḥgo → baḥgoram | mountain → grand mountain |
Contradiction | lo- | binə → lobena | human → non-human |
Similarity | -kavka / -kəvkə | koḍeb → koḍevkavka | tree → pseudo-tree |
Half | -pok / -puk | burk → burxpuk | dog → half-dog |
Relational abstract | -jak / -jək | naḍaŋ → naḍaŋjak | brother → brotherhood |
Related person | -binə / -bena | muxbi → muxbibinə | cow → cowman |
Collective | -tahe / -təhi | 'afla → 'aflatahe | bird → birds (a a collective) |
Place | -'a / -'ə / -ha / -hə | pirfir → pirfir'ə | fire → campfire |
Art / Craft | -məfki / -mafke | kovad → kovaḍmafke | war → craft of war |
Knowledge | -deme / -dimi | soxma → soxmadimi | herb → herbalism |
Expert | -jem | soxma → soxmajem | herb → herbalist |
Noun to adjective[edit | edit source]
Possessive | -əni / -ane / -ni / -ne | binə → binəni | man → human |
---|---|---|---|
Originative | -əni / -ane / -ni / -ne | dande → dandane | sky → celestial |
Similaritive | -kavkan / -kəvkən | burk → burxkəvkən | dog → canid |
Feature | -əni / -ane / -ni / -ne | salaj → salajne | hair → hairy |
Affiliative | -əni / -ane / -ni / -ne | govta → govtane | family → familiar |
Privative | lo-...-əni / -ane / -ni / -ne | kefe → lokefene | tooth → toothless |
Verb[edit | edit source]
Verb to noun[edit | edit source]
Agentive | -jem / -jim | kent- → kentjem | (to) shoot → shooter |
---|---|---|---|
Experiencer, adressee, object | -(ə)n-jim / -(a)n-jem | tak- → takanjem | (to) teach → learner |
Result | -ben / -bin | tab- → tavben | (to) fall → (a) fall |
Instance | - | taḥla- → taḥla | (to) speak → speech |
Instrument | -mane / -məni | talp- → talpmane | (to) beat → whip |
Place | -'a / -ha / -'ə / -hə | təm- → təm'a | (to) kill → slaughterhouse |
Verb to verb[edit | edit source]
Adjective[edit | edit source]
Adjective to noun[edit | edit source]
Abstract | -jak / -jək | bahol → baholjak | strong → strength |
---|
Adjective to adjective[edit | edit source]
Intensification | -gere / -giri | dubu → dubugiri | big → very big |
---|---|---|---|
Excess | -kat / -xat / -kət / -xət | tifi → tifixət | small → too small |
Syntax[edit | edit source]
Word order[edit | edit source]
- SOV
- head-initial
Copular particles[edit | edit source]
Translative | sin | became |
---|---|---|
Essive | tu' | be |
Causativity[edit | edit source]
kuft | ||
---|---|---|
to cause | litimən → litimən likuft | I am seeing → I am showing |
lihəxən → lihəxən likuft | I am going → I am leading | |
lifərən → lifərən likuft | I am carrying → I am elevating |
See Also[edit | edit source]
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