Language

The Languages of Seforma c. 9500 years After the development of Agriculture (in Originalia)


Northern Lavender - Proto-Efeip Labial, velar, and uvular pulmonic consonants, but the only dental consonant is the click |, vowels e o i u and schwa; syllabic structure (C)V(V)(C), words must end in a consonant other than |, diphthongs between e and i are fine and diphthongs between o and u are fine, but no diphthongs between vowels of the same height (ie e & o and i & u); basic word order agent-patient-object-verb, primarily head-initial, grammatical gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) marked with prefixes, four levels of proximity in third-person pronoun (proximal, immediate, distal, invisible), verbs conjugate with subject suffixes, objects are marked with an infix -k(V)- placed just before the final consonant where V is the first vowel of the word, there is no numeral system; long - [iɴim], other - [|oup], ear - [əm], plantain - [ɣifibχeŋ], some - [moub]

Northern Pink - Proto-Khenmussu Aspirated consonants, no voice contrasting, significant affricates, ejective affricates and fricatives, glottal fricatives, a e i o u, nasal an on un; syllabic structure CV(N), stress never falls on a nasalised vowel; highly isolating, agent-verb-patient word order, head-final; warm - sem [ʃem], round - zzumzunn ['dʒumʒũn], year - sa [ʃa], raven- anmpiɲ [ãm'piɲ], kermes oak - khiŋun ['kʰiŋũ]

Northwestern Purple - Proto-Kiapni 19 consonants: two nasals, four stops, two affricates, three fricatives (see here), and eight clicks (dental, lateral, alveolar, and palatal, along with nasal versions of those), a e i o u, plus nasalised vowels; syllabic structure is stops undergo spirantisation between vowels; basic syllabic structure: C(C)V(V)(C), no consonant clusters of more than two consonants (affricates count as one), nasalised vowels cannot appear in diphthongs with non-nasalised vowels; agglutinating, complex tense system (many degrees of spatial and temporal displacement), inclusive/exclusive we distinction; brown - [pimtse] water - [|iesi], gift - [pkxim:eun], man - [pi], boat - [teᵑǁom]

Western Brown - Proto-Tifɯ Consonant inventory very similar to Proto-Kiapni except no nasalised clicks and no spirantisation, a e œ ə i y o ɯ u; syllabic structure CV, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words; moderately isolating, two sets of 3rd-person pronouns (to refer to two things at once/in relation to each other); leg - [myʔə], water - [keke], stone - [ǂy], man - [mu], cold - [mipəpe]

Western Grey-Blue Tri-vowel system i ɯ a, with vowel length distinction, word-final consonants can have modal voice, creaky voice, or breathy voice, diphthongs ɯi and ai, p b t d k g ɬ x m tɬ l j; syllabic structure (P)(F)(l/j)V(:/V)(C); polysynthetic, in speech not much distinction between present and past actions, animacy hierarchy, no distinction between singular and plural in first and second-person pronouns, rudimentary sign language developed alongside spoken language; river - [ja:li], man - [tɬa'gi:], a migration - ['pxi:npaimʱ], sandstone - ['bɬlɯpɯi]

Proto-Dwaripje
Consonants:

Vowels:

Phonotactics: (C)V(C) syllable structure. Labialized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/ and palatalized consonants can only be succeeded by /a/ and /e/. Non palatalized or labialized consonants can be succeeded by all three vowels. Labialized consonants that aren't bilabial can also be succeeded by /i/. Stress is almost always on the first syllable, and the first vowel in a word is always long.

Grammar: Highly polysynthetic language. High degree of incorporation and highly agglutinating. There are 3 genders/noun classes, animate, inanimate, and abstract. VSO sentence ordering. Ergative–absolutive language. Vigesimal numeral system. Verbs have three persons, two numbers (singular, plural), declarative, imperative and conditional moods, active and antipassive voices, and six tenses: present I (progressive), present II (stative), past I (aorist), past II (perfect), future I (perfective future), future II (imperfective future).



Extent of the Dwaripje languages. There are many subdivisions.



Expansion from the urheimat.

Lexicon:
 * [ˈdʷaːripʲe] - language/speech
 * [ˈdʒʷaːzi] - cow
 * [ˈtʷaːme] - boat/canoe
 * [ˈlaː] - man
 * [ˈriː] - woman
 * [ˈgʲaːni] - dog
 * [ˈbʲaːta] - horse
 * [ˈjaːkʷa] - wheat

Dreishawen languages
[ˈdrɛɪʃəwɛn]

Phonology:

Consonants

Monophthongs:



Diphthongs:



Triphthongs:

[aɪə]

[ɑʊə]

[eɪə]

[ɔɪə]

Phonotactics:

Syllable structure (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C) at most. Long vowels diphthongized.

Grammar:

Nouns do not inflect gender, pronouns denote neuter, masculine and feminine. The languages do not have a case system. Head-final, SVO structure, number (singular, plural) marked by determiners.



Lexicon:

[ʹ bleɪn]-man

[ʹ blɔːn]-woman

[ʹ gɔədɑː]-tree

Hatlh languages
Klingon

Phonology & Phonotactics

See here

Grammar

See here

Lexicon

See here



Proto-Ziai
Quirks include lots of fricatives (ɸ, β, f, θ, s, z, sv (whistled sibilant), ç, x, ɣ), a complex vowel system (lots of polyphthongs), and set melodic patterns for various types of phrases (stops p b t k and g still exist, but they occur less frequently than the fricatives); syllables are hard to distinguish, but most words are composed of a string of vowels and non-sibilant continuants sometimes preceded by a fricative and ended with an un-released stop; the word order is quite free, since the melodic pattern of the phrase provides most of the meaning, in most cases, parts of speech are identified with their closing stop (p for nouns, t for adjectives and adverbs, k for verbs), in more “intimate” speech, vowels are rounded (leading to an elaborate T-V distinction); man (in the sense of male person) - θeɯnap, dream - çɤɪti, month - s͎ɪaileip, fire - seɛip, mother - βup

(Around Zaghāj) Proto-Sazāzasōj
Phonology: consonants (in their IPA characters) z s m b p l n d t x (written kh) ɣ (written gh) g k j, vowels a i o u ɔ (vowel length indicated with a macron ¯); syllabic structure (C)V(j), final -j only occurs at the end of words; animacy hierarchy distinguishing inanimate objects, animals, plants, concepts, and humans, quite inflecting, distinguishing several levels of proximity, realis, and evidence, as well as being a zero-copula language; fish - zīsubɔj, mountain - ōjuna, man (in the sense of person) - āzaj, warrior - imāzapu, hair (countless) - mosɔza

(Around the Œkhii Culture) Proto-Œkhen
Doubled vowels indicate length, b p d t g k w z s ʃ ʒ v f ç h m n ŋ l j r, and labialised stops kʷ, gʷ, tʷ, and dʷ (written with a regular w), i y e œ a u o (œkhii is pronounced /œkhi:/); (C)(C)V(C), stops, ç, and h cannot appear in a coda; quite a lot of nominal and adjectival inflection, but verbs are primarily modified with particles, multiple agentive affixes related to cases (eg çy-X nominative agentive (X who is), ma-X dative agentive (to whom X), kazi-X locative agentive (where X is)); nose - honœkhar, person - duujuj, stone - gwoof, elephant - gledus, language/tongue - œkhen, head - œkhee

Kódù Languages
Phonology and Phonotactics: These languages are highly tonal, all or most containing seven tones : ˦, ˧, ˨, ˨˦, ˦˨˧, ˥˧, ˧˦˨. Languages have a CV(C) syllable structure.

Grammar: Highly isolating and very analytic languages. VSO word order. Morphemes differentiated by tone of vowels. Head-final. Has numerous classifiers. Lexicon: kó - speech dù - word, speech, pǔs - person



Phonology
Vowels

Consonants

Araqistic notation

Vowels

Consonants

Phonotactics
(C)(G)V(ː)(R)(C)

C = any consonant G = glide or approximant V = any short vowel Vː = any long vowel R = any resonantal consonant

Geminates in the same syllable are disallowed.

Accent:

First, acute accent is raising on penultimate syllable. Second, grave accent is falling on last syllable.

Grammar
Morphology:

Highly agglutinating language, using mostly suffixes, but also is present prefixation, infixation and root-reduplications.

Nouns:

Definiteness


 * split-active alignment
 * eight cases: Nominative (Active), Accusative (Inactive), Instrumental, Allative, Ablative, Locative, Genitive, Benefactive
 * no 'true' plural; opposition based on collectivity
 * no gender/class
 * three-way definiteness: proper, distant (but visual), non-visual

Noun phrase:

Definiteness + Root + Root extensions + Collectivity + Case

Verbs:


 * pronominal subject and object obligatory conjugation
 * present and non-present tense (the first is unmarked) within two sets of subjective endings
 * progressive and stative aspects (reduplicational)
 * active, medial and causative voices (infixed)
 * four "states" (secondary aspects): Inceptive, Continuative, Pausative, Terminative
 * non-synthetic "moods" with verb-derived modal particles
 * verbal negation by negative copular verb
 * secundative ditransitive alignment (Donor = Nominative Theme = Instrumental Recipient = Accusative)

Verb phrase:

[(Aspect + Root + Voice) + State + Subject + Object] + Modal particle + Modal verb

Pronouns:


 * three persons in two sets of stem form, singular and plural
 * proper and distant distinction in personal pronouns ('you here' vs 'you there')

Syntax:


 * SOV
 * head-final
 * postpositional