Etymological dictionary of Proto-Araqish

Abbreviations
Dialectal divisions:


 * NW - Northwestern
 * NE - Northeastern
 * NC - Northcentral
 * SC - Southcentral
 * SW - Southwestern
 * SE - Southeastern

Substrate names:


 * Para-Ar. - Para-Araqish
 * Pre-SW - Pre-Southwestern

Parts of speech:


 * n - noun
 * v - verb
 * adj - adjective
 * denom adj - denominal adjective
 * partic - participle (deverbal adjective)
 * vn - action noun
 * part - particle
 * postp - postposition

A

 * abè [ɑbʰɛ] - n father; v to be father


 * agô [ɑgʰɔː] - n brother
 * agônæn [ɑgʰɔːnan] - n brotherhood


 * ama [ɑmɑ] - n mother; v to be mother


 * ar [ɑl] - v to flow, to swim
 * Araq [ɑɾɑq] - n Pre-Proto-Ar. alaq; from al- 'to flow' and aq- 'to break' → 'broken river; a river with many cascades or waterfalls'
 * artan [ɑltɑn] - n swimmer
 * aryúv [ɑljuːʋ] - n river (← 'flowing-water')
 * aryúvsí [ɑljuːʋsiː] - n stream


 * ara [ɑɾɑ] - n eye


 * aq [ɑq] - v to break, to crack
 * aqma [ɑqmɑ] - n crack

Á

 * áran [ɑːɾɑn] - n lake; may be from Pre-Proto-Ar. *al- 'to flow' (prolonging of vowel has unknown origin)

Æ

 * æk - adj sharp; n sharp edge
 * ætæk - v to sharpen
 * ætækkep - n sharpener

Ǽ

 * ǽt [aːt] - v to stand
 * ǽtǽt [æːtæːt] - v to stay, n stay

B

 * bá [bʰɑː] - v to beat
 * tubá [tubʰɑː] - v to shield against beatings
 * tubáder [tubʰɑːdʰel] - n shielding place
 * tubákep [tubʰɑːkep] - n shield
 * tubákeptan [tubʰɑːkeptɑn] - n warrior with shield
 * tubátan [tubʰɑːtɑn] - n defender
 * bábá [bʰɑːbʰɑː] - v to war; n war
 * bábáder [bʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - n battle field
 * bábákant [bʰɑːbʰɑːkɑnt] - n craft of war
 * bábátan [bʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - n warrior
 * tubábá [tubʰɑːbʰɑː] - v to repel attack, to defend; n defence
 * tubábáder [tubʰɑːbʰɑːdʰel] - n defence place
 * tubábátan [tubʰɑːbʰɑːtɑn] - n warrior-defender
 * biḍar [bʰiɖʰɑl] - n ibex
 * bork [bʰolk] - v to fence; n fortress, stronghold
 * bôr [bʰɔːl] - v to boil; n boiling water
 * byǽs [bʰjaːs] - n side of body

D

 * dandè [dʰɑndʰɛ] - n oak
 * dathúd [dʰɑtʰuːdʰ] - n cedar
 * deṇe [dʰeŋe] - adj/n blue; v change to blue
 * deṇsu [dʰeŋsu] - n sky
 * djêrm [dʰjɛːlm] - adj/n red; v to redden
 * dôm [dʰɔːm] - n thunder; v to thunder
 * dub [dʰubʰ] - v to run; n run
 * dubtan [dʰubʰtɑn] - n runner
 * dumb [dʰumbʰ] - n tree
 * dúym [dʰuːjm] - 'v to pray; n'' prayer
 * dyǽr [dʰjaːl] - n mountain, v be in mountain
 * dyǽrdá [dʰjaːldʰɑː] - n grand mountain

Ḍ

 * ḍvôd [ɖʰʋɔːdʰ] - v to win
 * ḍvôdma [ɖʰʋɔːdʰmɑ] - n victory, triumph
 * ḍvôdtan [ɖʰʋɔːdʰtɑn] - n winner

É

 * ég [eːgʰ] - v to go, to walk, to come
 * égég [eːgʰeːgʰ] - v to wander, to migrate
 * égégnêr [eːgʰeːgʰnɛːl] - vn wandering, migration
 * égégtan [eːgʰeːgʰtɑn] - n wanderer, migrant
 * étæg [eːtagʰ] - v to drive
 * étægtan [eːtagʰtɑn] - n driver
 * tvég [tʋeːgʰ] - v to stop

È

 * èbên [ɛbʰɛːn] - n elephant

G

 * gáòn [gʰɑːˈɔn] - n dhole
 * gephyo [gʰepʰjo] - n fish; v to fish
 * gephyotan [gʰepʰjotɑn] - n fisher
 * gephyotanmóg [gʰepʰjotɑnmoːgʰ] - v fishing
 * gèth [gɛtʰ] - v to build
 * gèthma [gɛtʰmɑ] - n building
 * gint [gʰint] - n hand; v to oath, to swear
 * gintnêr [gʰintnɛːl] - vn oath
 * ginttan [gʰinttɑn] - n swearing man
 * gon [gʰon] - v to kill
 * gonder [gʰondʰel] - n slaughterhouse
 * gonkep [gʰonkep] - n homicide's tool
 * gonma [gʰonmɑ] - n homicide
 * gonmami [gʰonmɑmi] - n homicide's victim
 * gontan [gʰontɑn] - n killer
 * goṣ [gʰoʂ] - n coast, bank, edge
 * gothiṣ [gʰotʰiʂ] - n sheep
 * gúrḍ [gʰuːɭɖʰ] - n auroch
 * gyuṣ [gʰjuʂ] - v to blend, to mix; n blend, mix
 * gyuṣkep [gʰjuʂkep] - n mixer, tool for blending

Ġ

 * ġab [ɢʰɑbʰ] - adj big, great
 * ġáná [ɢʰɑːnɑː] - n family, lineage
 * ġárḍ [ɢʰɑːɭɖʰ] - n lion
 * ġed [ɢʰedʰ] - v to be ready
 * ġednæn [ɢʰedʰnan] - n readiness
 * ġetæd [ɢʰetadʰ] - v to prepare
 * ġíth [ɢʰiːtʰ] - adj high; v to raise, to increase, n height
 * ġíthdá [ɢʰiːtʰdɑː] - n deity
 * ġíthdámóg [ɢʰiːtʰdʰɑːmoːgʰ] - n teology
 * ġíthder [ɢʰiːtʰdʰel] - n high place, highland
 * ġór [ɢʰoːl] - adj round; n round, globular object; v to round
 * ġvòrġ [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰ] - adj wild; v to became wild; n wildness
 * ġvòrġnæn [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰnan] - n wilderness
 * ġvòrġder [ɢʰʋɔlɢʰdʰel] - n wild place

I

 * iṣ- [iʂ] - v to speak
 * iṣiṣ- [iʂiʂ] - v to talk
 * iṣiṣtan [iʂiʂtɑn] - n interlocutor
 * iṣtan [iʂtɑn] - n speaker, orator
 * tviṣ- [tʋiʂ] - v to reply

Í

 * íq [iːq] - v to eat
 * ítæq [iːtaq] - v to feed; n feed
 * ítæqtan [iːtaqtɑn] - n feeder

K

 * kaduq [kɑdʰuq] - n head, v to lead
 * kaduqmin [kɑdʰuqmin] - n leader, chief
 * kaòṣ [kɑˈɔʂ] - v to share; n share
 * kasik [kɑsik] - n garlic
 * keṇk [keŋk] - n wheel; v to wheel
 * kexeth [kehetʰ] - adj/n gray, v to gray
 * kivi [kiʋi] - n bone
 * kín [kiːn] - v to seek
 * kintan [kintɑn] - n seeker
 * tukín [tukiːn] - v to find, to discover
 * tukíntan [tukiːntɑn] - n finder, discoverer
 * korḍ [koɭɖʰ] - adj/n black; v to blacken
 * kôp [kɔːp] - v to sink
 * kôtæp [kɔːtap] - v to drown
 * kôtæptan [kɔːtaptɑn] - n kelpie
 * kuṣṭ [kuʂʈ] - v to shoot
 * kuṣṭtan [kuʂʈtɑn] - n shooter
 * kvay [kʋɑj] - v to live
 * kvaynæn [kʋɑjnan] - n life

Kh

 * khamp [kʰɑmp] - v to help
 * kháṣá [kʰɑːʂɑː] - n daughter
 * khèdín [kʰɛdʰiːn] - n copper
 * khorák [kʰoɾɑːk] - n shark
 * khor [kʰol] - v to let
 * khorot [kʰoɾot] - n moon
 * khoson [kʰoson] - n pine
 * khuṭa [kʰuʈɑ] - n civet

M

 * mabú [mɑbʰuː] - n cobra
 * mat [mɑt] - n time
 * máṇġté [mɑːɴɢ̻ʰteː] - n cattle
 * mǽd [maːdʰ] - v to teach
 * mǽdmi [maːdʰmi] - n learner
 * mǽdtan [maːdʰtɑn] - n teacher
 * mesin [mesin] - n cherry
 * meṣṭe [meʂʈe] - n cat
 * mêx [mɛːh] - v to move
 * mêxnæn [mɛːhnan] - n move
 * min [min] - n man
 * moth [motʰ] - v to fly, n flight
 * mothkep [motʰkep] - n wing
 * mothnêr [motʰnɛːl] - vn flying
 * mothté [motʰteː] - n bird
 * mód [moːdʰ] - n house
 * móddá [moːdʰdʰɑː] - n town, city
 * módġúmb [moːdʰɢʰuːmbʰ] - n banteng
 * mvar [mʋɑl] - n hair, fur
 * myéṇ [mjeːŋ] - v to smell
 * myéṇpê [mjeːŋpɛː] - n smell
 * myêr [mjɛːl] - n eagle

N

 * náb [nɑːbʰ] - v to know
 * nábpê [nɑːb̻ʰpɛː] - n knowledge
 * nêys [nɛːjs] - v to think; n think
 * nêystan [nɛːjstɑn] - n thinker
 * nêtays [nɛːtajs] - v to cause thinking
 * nóp [noːp] - adj weak
 * nótæp [noːtap] - v to weaken

Ò

 * òr [ɔl] - num one; v to merge, to unite
 * òrma [ɔlmɑ] - n unity, merger

Ô

 * ôġ [ɔːɢʰ] - v to hate
 * ôġnæn [ɔːɢʰnan] - n hate
 * ôgtan [ɔːɢ̻ʰtɑn] - n hater

P

 * puq [puq] - v to cook

Ph

 * phæk [pʰak] - v to fit
 * phóṣ [pʰoːʂ] - v to foam; n foam
 * phòg [pʰɔgʰ] - v to guard, to secure
 * phògtan [pʰɔgʰtɑn] - n watchman
 * phúx [pʰuːh] - v to smoke; n smoke
 * phyos [pʰjos] - adj wise; v to became wise
 * phyostan [pʰjostɑn] - n wise person, sage

Q

 * qadyís [qɑdʰjiːs] - n caracal
 * qòmd [qɔmdʰ] - adj hard
 * qòmdnæn [qɔmdʰnan] - n hardness
 * qanq [qɑɴq] - n stone
 * qanqdá [qɑɴqdʰɑː] - n grand stone
 * qêm [qɛːm] - n earth, land
 * qos [qos] - adj old
 * 'qosnæn [qosnan] - n'' oldness
 * qotæs [qotas] - v to make look old
 * qub [qubʰ] - v to fall
 * qubder [qubʰdʰel] - n place of fall
 * qubma [qubʰmɑ] - n fall
 * qún [quːn] - n fate; v to fate
 * qúq [quːq] - n milk; v to milk

Qh

 * qháp [qʰɑːp] - adj full; n fullness; v to fill
 * qhèr [qʰɛl] - v to burn
 * qhèrpê [qʰɛlpeː] - n flame
 * qhètær [qʰɛtal] - v to cause burning
 * qhot [qʰot] - v to sit, to sit down
 * qhokhat [qʰokʰɑt] - v to seat self ~ to settle
 * qhokhattan [qʰokʰɑttɑn] - n settler
 * qhotæt [qʰotat] - v to seat; n seat
 * qhòbá [qʰɔbʰɑː] - n monkey

R

 * ranté [ɾɑnteː] - n flower
 * raq [ɾɑq] - v to soak, to wet
 * raqnæn [ɾɑqnan] - n moisture
 * ratæq [ɾɑtaq] - v to wash
 * rár [ɾɑːl] - n sunshine, sunlight; v to light
 * rásvi [ɾɑːsʋi] - adj/n purple, v to purple
 * ræyx [ɾajh] - v to grow
 * ræyxma [ɾajhmɑ] - n plant
 * remb [ɾembʰ] - v to tremble
 * règ [ɾɛgʰ] - n wolf
 * rin [ɾin] - adj new
 * rinnæn [ɾinnan] - n newness
 * ritæn [ɾitan] - v to renew, to restore
 * ritænnêr [ɾitannɛːl] - n renewing, restoring, renovation
 * ritæntan [ɾitantɑn] - n renewer, restorer, renovator
 * rusdu [ɾusdʰu] - adj/n brown; v to brown
 * ryǽṣ [ɾjaːʂ] - n word; v to express
 * ryém [ɾjeːm] - v to love
 * ryémnæn [ɾjeːmnan] - n love
 * ryôn [ɾjɔːn] - n night

S

 * samar [sɑmɑl] - adj green; n greenery; v to became green
 * samarder [sɑmɑldʰel] - n green place
 * sara [sɑɾɑ] - adj white; n whiteness; v to whiten
 * sarír [sɑɾiːl] - n rye
 * sæsu [sasu] - n sand; v to shower
 * sǽokh [saːˈokʰ] - n snake, serpent
 * sǽokhder [saːˈokʰdʰel] - n place of snakes
 * sǽokhtan [saːˈokʰtɑn] - n man of snakes
 * syôkh [sjɔːkʰ] - adj pink; n pink, rouge; v to rosy
 * sóryǽ [soːljaː] - adj yellow; n yellowness; v to yellow
 * súg [suːgʰ] - n dog
 * súr [suːl] - v to believe
 * súrnæn [suːlnan] - n faith
 * súrtan [suːltɑn] - n believer

Ṣ

 * ṣíp [ʂiːp] - v to lie, to be located, to be situated
 * ṣíppê [ʂiːppɛː] - n location, position, situation
 * ṣúb [ʂuːbʰ] - v to judge
 * ṣúbder [ʂuːbʰdʰel] - n court
 * ṣúbtan [ʂuːbʰtɑn] - n judge
 * ṣvǽr [ʂʋaːl] - adj golden; n gold; v to gild
 * ṣvǽrtan [ʂʋaːltɑn] - n goldsmith
 * ṣvǽrtanmóg [ʂʋaːltɑnmoːgʰ] - n goldsmith craft

T

 * tap [tɑp] - n hill
 * tǽt [taːt] - adj good; n goodness
 * tíṇs [tiːŋs] - v to remember
 * tíṇspê [tiːŋspɛː] - n memory
 * túr [tuːl] - v to grab; n'' finger
 * tyór [tjoːl] - v to trust
 * tyórnæn [tjoːlnan] - n trust

Th

 * thab [tʰɑbʰ] - v to draw on sand
 * thabnêr [tʰɑbʰnɛːl] - vn drawing on sand
 * thǽd [tʰaːdʰ] - n tooth; v to bite
 * môvthǽdas [mɔːʋtʰaːdʰɑs] - denom adj toothless
 * thoroṣ [tʰoɾoʂ] - adj orange; n orange colour; v change to orange colour
 * thòqi [tʰɔqi] - n olive
 * thyèṣ [tʰjɛʂ] - n plum

Ṭ

 * ṭamphí [ʈɑmpʰiː] - n hemp
 * ṭand [ʈɑndʰ] - n source, spring, v to squirt
 * ṭip [ʈip] - v to touch
 * ṭipma [ʈipmɑ] - n touch
 * ṭoqh [ʈoqʰ] - v to create
 * ṭoqhma [ʈoqʰmɑ] - n creature
 * ṭoqhtan [ʈoqʰtɑn] - n creator

Ṭh

 * ṭháne [ʈʰɑːne] - n woman
 * ṭhíṣ [ʈʰiːʂ] - v to feel
 * ṭhíṣpê [ʈʰiːʂpɛː] - n feel
 * ṭhòp [ʈʰɔp] - v to catch
 * ṭhòptan [ʈʰɔptɑn] - n catcher
 * ṭhúr [ʈʰuːl] - n horn; v to gore

Ú

 * úr [uːl] - v to howl
 * úrnêr [uːlnɛːl] - vn howling

V

 * vár [ʋɑːl] - adv many; v to copy, to multiply
 * væthǽ [ʋatʰaː] - n cotton
 * vǽnyô [ʋaːnjɔː] - n meadow
 * vèrd [ʋɛldʰ] - v to rule, to reign, to control
 * vèrdnæn [ʋɛldʰnan] - n rule, reign, control
 * vèrdtan [ʋɛldʰtɑn] - n ruler, controler
 * vín [ʋiːn] - v to divide, to diminish
 * vínma [ʋiːnmɑ] - n divide
 * vóy [ʋoːj] - v to howl as hyena [onomatopeic]
 * vóyté [ʋoːjteː] - n hyena

X

 * xaskaṣ [hɑskɑʂ] - n mongoose
 * xár [hɑːl] - v to ride; n ride
 * xártan [hɑːltɑn] - n rider
 * xáṣva [hɑːʂʋɑ] - n sea
 * xáṣvamin [hɑːʂʋɑmin] - n dolphin (← 'sea people')
 * xǽy [haːj] - adj warm; n warmth; v to warm
 * xeyn [hejn] - v to hallow; adj holy
 * xeynder [hejndʰel] - n temple
 * xèmè [hɛmɛ] - n flax
 * xôg [hɔːgʰ] - n fire
 * xôgder [hɔːgʰdʰel] - n campfire
 * xôgvík [hɔːgʰʋiːk] - n ash
 * xôgrǽx [hɔːgʰɾaːh] - n aurora (← 'false-fire')
 * xôrp [hɔːlp] - v to prey; n prey
 * xôrptan [hɔːlptɑn] - v predator
 * xuṭ [huʈ] - v to loan
 * 'xuṭpê [huʈpɛː] - n'' loan
 * xvaq [hʋɑq] - n horse
 * xvôr [hʋɔːl] - n sun

Y

 * yǽg [jaːgʰ] - v to hurt
 * yǽgma [jaːgʰmɑ] - n hurt
 * yǽk [jaːk] - v to prick
 * yǽksí [jaːksiː] - n spike, thorn
 * yór [joːl] - adj long
 * yótær [joːtal] - v to prolong, to lengthen
 * yúv [juːʋ] - n water