Proto-Qanday language

Phonology
ⁿbˤ ⁿdˤ ⁿɢ /mb nd ng/

p pˤ t tˤ k q ʔ /p ṗ t ṭ k q '/

bˤ dˤ ɢ /b d g/

t̪͡s t̪͡sˤ t͡ʃ t͡ʃˤ /ts ṭs ċ ċ'/

d̪͡zˤ d͡ʒˤ /dz dż/

s sˤ ʃ ʃˤ x~χ /s s' ś ś' h/

m n nˤ ŋ~ɴ /m n ṇ ŋ/

ɮ~ɮˤ~ɬ~ɬˤ /l/

r rˤ /r ṛ/

j ɰ w /j ḥ w/

i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ /i in y yn u un/

e̞ ɤ̞ o̞ /e ə o/

ɒ ɒ̃ /a an/

iː ĩː ɨː ɨ̃ː uː ũː /í ín ý ýn ú ún/

eː ɤː oː /é ə́ ó/

äː ä̃ː /á án/

Phonotactics
(C)(C)(V)(ː)(C)(C)

Accent
Breathy voiced stress on penultimate syllable.

Nouns

 * Split-ergative system: ergative-absolutive - unvolitional vs nominative-accusative - volitional (1. Ergative = Agent, Absolutive = Subject, Patient / 2. Absolutive = Agent, Subject, Accusative = Patient).
 * Secundative ditransitive alignment.
 * Gender system (suffixal): animate (human: masculine, feminine; non-human) vs inaminate (transportable, untransportable).
 * Case system (suffixal): Absolutive, Ergative, Accusative, Instrumental, Genitive, Abessive.
 * Number (cliticized particle): singular, dual, plural.
 * Irrealis moods pre-marked in nominal class by using suffix.
 * Definiteness by pronoun.
 * Possessor by pronoun.

[Root + Root extension + Gender + Case + Number + Modality determiner]

Verbs

 * Eight tense-aspects (suffixal): past completive, past incompletive, past habitual, future in past, present, habitual, convinced future, dubious future.
 * Split-voice system (suffixal): 1. Passive, Antipassive 2. Active, Passive, Medial.
 * Four subjective persons (with obviative; preffixal).
 * Four objective persons (suffixal).
 * Four moods (suffixal): Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, Directive.
 * Evidentiality (cliticized): visual, non-visual, reported, assumed.
 * Causative with using an auxiliary verb.

[Subject + Root + Root extension + Tense-aspect + Voice + Object + Mood + Evidentiality]

Pronouns

 * Gender suffixes on number stems.
 * Inclusive and exclusive forms in non-singular first and second person.

Syntax

 * VSO